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“…In contrast, Permian spiriferiform genera, especially those with strongly transverse shells (e.g., Fusispirifer , Transversaria ), were usually distributed in moderate to high latitudes (i.e., the Himalayas, Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia; Waterhouse 2016). The Triassic spiriferinids expanded into ecomorphospace occupied previously by the reticulariiforms and spiriferiforms and also exhibit comparable latitude-control distribution patterns, with reticulariiform taxa (such as Mentzelia , Koeveskallina ) widespread from the Tethys to Gondwana (Dagys 1974; Guo et al 2020), and the large and transverse spiriferiform ones (i.e., Rastelligera , Psioidiella ) emerged in New Zealand and New Caledonia (Campbell 1968).…”
The Order Spiriferinida spanning the latest Ordovician to Early Jurassic is a small group of brachiopods overshadowed by other taxon-rich clades during the Paleozoic. It diversified significantly after the end-Permian extinction and became one of the four major clades of Triassic brachiopods. However, the phylogeny and recovery dynamics of this clade during the Triassic still remain unknown. Here, we present a higher-level parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of Mesozoic spiriferinids to reveal their evolutionary relationships. Ecologically related characters are analyzed to indicate the variances in ecomorphospace occupation and disparity of spiriferinids through the Permian–Triassic (P-Tr) transition. For comparison with potential competitors of the spiriferinids, the pre-extinction spiriferids are also included in the analysis. Phylogenetic trees demonstrate that about half of the Mesozoic families appeared during the Anisian, indicating the greatest phylogenetic diversification at that time. Triassic spiriferinids reoccupied a large part of the ecomorphospace released by its competitor spiriferids during the end-Permian extinction; they also fully exploited the cyrtiniform region and developed novel lifestyles. Ecomorphologic disparity of the spiriferinids dropped greatly in the Early Triassic, but it rebounded rapidly and reached the level attained by the pre-extinction spiriferids in the Late Triassic. The replacement in ecomorphospace occupation between spiriferids and spiriferinids during the P-Tr transition clearly indicates that the empty ecomorphospace released by the extinction of Permian spiriferids was one of the important drivers for the diversification of the Triassic spiriferinids. The Spiriferinida took over the empty ecomorphospace and had the opportunity to flourish.
“…In contrast, Permian spiriferiform genera, especially those with strongly transverse shells (e.g., Fusispirifer , Transversaria ), were usually distributed in moderate to high latitudes (i.e., the Himalayas, Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia; Waterhouse 2016). The Triassic spiriferinids expanded into ecomorphospace occupied previously by the reticulariiforms and spiriferiforms and also exhibit comparable latitude-control distribution patterns, with reticulariiform taxa (such as Mentzelia , Koeveskallina ) widespread from the Tethys to Gondwana (Dagys 1974; Guo et al 2020), and the large and transverse spiriferiform ones (i.e., Rastelligera , Psioidiella ) emerged in New Zealand and New Caledonia (Campbell 1968).…”
The Order Spiriferinida spanning the latest Ordovician to Early Jurassic is a small group of brachiopods overshadowed by other taxon-rich clades during the Paleozoic. It diversified significantly after the end-Permian extinction and became one of the four major clades of Triassic brachiopods. However, the phylogeny and recovery dynamics of this clade during the Triassic still remain unknown. Here, we present a higher-level parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of Mesozoic spiriferinids to reveal their evolutionary relationships. Ecologically related characters are analyzed to indicate the variances in ecomorphospace occupation and disparity of spiriferinids through the Permian–Triassic (P-Tr) transition. For comparison with potential competitors of the spiriferinids, the pre-extinction spiriferids are also included in the analysis. Phylogenetic trees demonstrate that about half of the Mesozoic families appeared during the Anisian, indicating the greatest phylogenetic diversification at that time. Triassic spiriferinids reoccupied a large part of the ecomorphospace released by its competitor spiriferids during the end-Permian extinction; they also fully exploited the cyrtiniform region and developed novel lifestyles. Ecomorphologic disparity of the spiriferinids dropped greatly in the Early Triassic, but it rebounded rapidly and reached the level attained by the pre-extinction spiriferids in the Late Triassic. The replacement in ecomorphospace occupation between spiriferids and spiriferinids during the P-Tr transition clearly indicates that the empty ecomorphospace released by the extinction of Permian spiriferids was one of the important drivers for the diversification of the Triassic spiriferinids. The Spiriferinida took over the empty ecomorphospace and had the opportunity to flourish.
“…Figure 7.Possible ontogeny of members or close relatives of the Rhynchonelloidea. Some species are listed here, and the rectangular shape indicates ontogenetic stages observed in the fossil record (Ager 1962; Dagys 1968, 1974; Chen et al 2002; Wang et al 2017; Guo et al 2020a). Note that not every species undergoes all these developmental stages.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the Olenekian, in addition to the raduliform (or variations thereof) genera, there are other newly originated genera such as the arcuiform Norella and Lissorhynchia. The Anisian also witnessed a great biodiversification of rhynchonellides (Yang and Xu 1966;Dagys 1974;Pálfy 2003;Chen et al 2005aChen et al , 2018Guo et al 2020a). The Anisian taxa developed a variety of external and internal structures, for example, smooth or semicostate or fully costate shells, possession or lack of dental plates, a septalium and dorsal median septum, and occurrences of various types of crura.…”
Section: Lineage Evolution Of the P-tr Rhynchonellidesmentioning
The Rhynchonellida is a major group of brachiopods that survived the “big five” mass extinctions and flourished after the Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) crisis. However, phylogenetic and character evolution in the Rhynchonellida across the P/Tr transition is poorly understood. In view of the widespread homoplasy across this order, we employ a tip-dated Bayesian analysis to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for late Permian–Triassic rhynchonellides. The same data were also analyzed using three other methods: undated Bayesian, equal-weighting, and implied-weighting parsimony. Compared with trees generated by other methods, those constructed by tip-dating best account for the homoplasy in this group and are closer to previous assumptions on the evolution of this order. Based on the analyses of multiple trees, the major increase in lineage richness occurred in the Early and early Middle Triassic. Also, richness in the Anisian almost reached the highest level seen in the Triassic. According to fossil records, a pronounced reduction in shell size and in the development of ornamentation occurred after the P/Tr extinction, which is largely due to the loss of large and highly sculptured genera and the diversification of small-sized and weakly ornamented genera. Ancestral-state estimation of shell size and development of ornamentation, coupled with comparisons of other characters, indicate that the Early–Middle Triassic mature “small-sized taxa” may have characters displayed by juveniles of their ancestors. This suggests that for these genera, paedomorphosis was possibly a strategy to survive and diversify in the harsh environment after the P/Tr extinction.
“…Nudirostralina subtrinodosi Yang and Xu, 1966 (maximum length and width: 10.98 mm and 14.26 mm, respectively; Guo et al, 2019) is larger than P . selongensis n. sp.…”
Section: Systematic Paleontologymentioning
confidence: 95%
“…The crura of N . subtrinodosi are either canaliform or calcariform (Guo et al, 2019, fig. 8), while the crura of P .…”
Brachiopods suffered high levels of extinction during the Permian–Triassic crisis, and their diversity failed to return to Permian levels. In the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, brachiopods were extremely rare worldwide, especially in the southern hemisphere. Here, we report a new Early Triassic brachiopod fauna from the Selong section in southern Tibet, China. A new genus and three new species have been identified: Selongthyris plana Wang and Chen n. gen. n. sp., Piarorhynchella selongensis Wang and Chen n. sp., and Schwagerispira cheni Wang and Chen n. sp., which are typical. The ontogenies and internal structures of these three new species are described in detail. This brachiopod fauna corresponds to the Neospathodus pakistanensis and Neospathodus waageni conodont biozones and Kashmirites and Anasibirites ammonoid biozones, indicating a late Dienerian to late Smithian age. The post-extinction recovery of brachiopods in the Himalayas may have begun by the early Smithian of the Early Triassic. In addition, these species did not persist into the Spathian substage, suggesting that the newly evolved brachiopods in the southern Tethys were severely affected by the late Smithian extinction event.UUID: http://zoobank.org/f8fc8ced-432c-41d2-8c6c-d17bca527109
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