The ankle-arm blood pressure index is strongly predictive for cardiovascular mortality in men

Prognostic significance of ankle brachial pressure index: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Searches of electronic databases identified 2911 articles of which 43 22–64 were eligible for this review (Figure 1). These described 43 prospective cohort studies enrolling 94,254 individuals.…”

“…These described 43 prospective cohort studies enrolling 94,254 individuals. Thirteen studies 25,33,34,37,38,40,43,44,46,49,51,56,59 enrolled participants from general populations, six studies 26–28,35,54,60 enrolled participants with suspected PAD, 14 studies 24,30,31,39,41,42,45,48,52,53,61–64 enrolled participants with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular co-morbidity, five studies 22,29,36,47,57 enrolled participants with diabetes mellitus, two studies 23,55 enrolled dialysis patients, one study 58 enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease, one study 50 enrolled elderly participants with isolated systolic hypertension, and one study 32 enrolled participants with metabolic syndrome. All studies included participants without previous diagnosis of PAD.…”

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein is Not Independently Associated with Peripheral Subclinical Atherosclerosis

“…Whereas the capacity of hs-CRP levels to predict CV endpoints over and above traditional risk factors and metabolic risk markers is still debated, 43 the independent and additive prognostic value of higher IMT and lower ABI values have been clearly demonstrated. [27][28][29][30] Our findings provide evidence that hs-CRP levels should not be regarded as a reliable surrogate of these measures of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, whereas determination of ABI is an easy, economic, handy, and reliable procedure that can be routinely performed in several primary prevention settings, measurement of carotid IMT is a costly, time-demanding, and operator-dependent procedure, which is not suitable for routine screening of patients in the daily clinical practice.…”

“…Ultrasonographymeasured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) has been shown to correlate with prevalent and incident CV disease, as well as the ankle-brachial Index (ABI), which is an accurate tool for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease (PAD). [27][28][29][30] Given the persisting uncertainty regarding the relationship between CRP and atherosclerotic burden and limited data available, we aimed to evaluate whether CRP levels are independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, as L ow-grade inflammation has been recognized to be part of the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis. 1 Although several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a consistent relationship between higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, 2,3 the independent predictive value of CRP has been questioned 3 and the mechanisms relating CRP and CV events have not been fully elucidated.…”

Cognitive Function After Carotid Endarterectomy: Greater Risk of Decline in Symptomatic Patients With Left Internal Carotid Artery Disease

“…The ankle-arm index was calculated by a senior physician according to carefully standardized procedures followed in our noninvasive vascular diagnostic laboratory. [28][29][30] History of cerebrovascular accidents was investigated by a senior neurologist through direct interview and review of medical charts: transient ischemic attack (TIA) was defined as an abrupt onset of symptoms and/or signs related to a focal cerebral or visual deficit attributed to focal cerebral or retinal ischemia lasting less than 24 hours. 31,32 Stroke was defined as an abrupt onset of symptoms and/or signs related to a focal and/or global deficit of cerebral functions lasting more than 24 hours and not attributable to causes other than cerebrovascular accident.…”