The anorexic and actometric effects of cocaine and two coca extracts

Bedford, John A.; Lovell, D. Karen; Turner, Carlton E.; ElSohly, Mahmoud A.; Wilson, Marvin C.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(80)90246-4

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The drugs of abuse of choice of our participants, in order of prevalence were cigarette smoking, cocaine, alcohol and marijuana. Heavy use of cigarettes and crack cocaine were significantly and inversely associated with obesity in our cohort, which is consistent with our previous report linking heavy cocaine use with wasting [34] and with the anorectic effect of these drugs [35][36][37] . Marijuana use on the other hand, a known appetite stimulant, tended to be associated with central obesity in our cohort, although not significantly.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Baum

Rafie²,

Lai³

et al. 2006

American J. of Infectious Diseases

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Abstract:The frequency of coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasing among HIV seropositive persons. This phenomenon may be related to HIV disease itself, the use of antiretroviral medications and increased length of survival, or the synergism of these factors. In this study we have calculated the 10-year CHD risk estimate and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of 118 HIV seropositive chronic drug users, including those who are on HAART with or without protease inhibitors (PI). The results showed that the 10-year coronary heart disease risk among the HIV seropositive drug users was 4.8 ± 5.7, which is within the range of results published for other HIV infected cohorts. The 10-year CHD risk was significantly higher in men (5.9±6.1, p<0.001) than in women (1.7±2.4), due to their gender and the pre-menopausal mean age of the women (39.4±7.3 years of age), despite a significantly higher rate of abdominal obesity (54.8% in women vs. 8.1% in men, p<0.001) and lower HDL (61.3% in women vs. 40% in men, p=0.042). The rate of metabolic syndrome among our female HIV seropositive drug users was significantly higher (29% vs 10.3%, p=0.013) compared to men (10.3%). Participants with metabolic syndrome had a significantly higher 10-year CHD risk (27.8% vs. 10.2%, p=0.041) and higher mean BMI (28.6 ± 4.1 vs. 24.2±4, p<0.001) than those without the syndrome. The predominant proportion of the cohort had a high viral load, suggesting that their use of illicit drugs has an influence on either adherence or effectiveness of antiretroviral medication. Increased viral load was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (OR=2.23, 95% CI:1.12, 4.47; p=0.023), high fasting glucose (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.55; p=0.042) and low HDL levels (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.98; p=0.046), after controlling for age gender, smoking, PI exposure, BMI and CD4. HAART with or without PI did not significantly impact the 10-year CHD risk estimate or metabolic syndrome in this cohort. The estimated effect of PI, however, was positively and significantly related to triglyceride levels (effect estimate=95.81; 95% CI:39.40, 152.21; p<0.01) after controlling for age, gender, smoking, viral load, CD4 cell count and BMI. Heavy use of cigarettes and crack/cocaine was inversely associated with obesity (OR=0. 84, 95% CI:0.67, 0.99; p=0.049; OR=0.43, 95% CI:0.19, 0.98; p=0.044, respectively), while use of marijuana tended to be associated with increased central obesity (p=0.08). Heavy cigarette smoking was significantly associated with low HDL (OR=3.06, 95% CI:1.18; 7.95, p=0.02). The significant association of higher viral load with CHD risk indicates that controlling viral load may be important in reducing CHD risk in HIV infected drug users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Baum

Rafie²,

Lai³

et al. 2006

American J. of Infectious Diseases

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“…Appetite suppression following chewing coca leaves is well recognized, and as reported in several anthropological texts [12,13], the ability to reduce hunger has been one of the most prized properties of the leaves. Detailed studies have been conducted in rats and monkeys demonstrating that a reduction of food intake occurs when coca extracts or purified cocaine are administered orally [90][91][92]. This documented appetite suppression of cocaine preparations would seem to be contraindicated in youngsters, especially schoolchildren.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Coca Leaves Contribute to Improving the Nutritional Status of the Andean Population?

Penny¹,

Zavaleta²,

Lemay³

et al. 2009

Food Nutr Bull

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“…One possible partial account is that cocaine produced an anorexic effect, and therefore the monkeys stopped eating. It has been demonstrated that acute administration of cocaine can decrease food intake (e.g., Bedford, Lovell, Turner, Elsohly, & Wilson, 1980) and that tolerance to these appetitive effects develops when cocaine is administered daily in rats (Wilson & Brenkert, 1978). From this, we expected both monkeys to start eating the pellets sometime into the chronic phase (i.e., for tolerance to develop to the "anorexic" effect).…”

Section: Time-course Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance to and Residual Effects of Cocaine in Squirrel Monkeys Depend on Reinforcement‐schedule Parameter

Hughes

Branch

1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Lever pressing by 4 squirrel monkeys was maintained under a three-component multiple fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation; components differed with respect to ratio size. For each monkey, acute administration of cocaine (0.03 to 1.3 mg/kg, i.m.) produced dose-dependent decreases in overall response rate in each component. During repeated daily administration of 1.0 mg/kg of cocaine, tolerance developed to the rate-decreasing effects under each of the ratio contingencies, but developed to a greater extent and was evident in earlier parts of sessions for performance under the smaller ratios. Response rates of 2 monkeys increased above nondrug control levels despite the putative reinforcer not being consumed during the session. When saline or a smaller dose of cocaine was substituted for 1.0 mg/kg, response rates often were suppressed below nondrug control-level responding. This suppressive effect was observed in each monkey and was more likely to be observed and/or to be of greater magnitude in large-ratio components for 3 of the 4 monkeys. When saline was administered chronically at the end of the chronic-drug phase, response rates remained suppressed in the large-ratio component for 2 of the monkeys. There was, therefore, a schedule-dependent dissociation between behavioral tolerance and the residual effects: Tolerance was greater when small ratios were arranged, whereas the residual effects were more pronounced when larger ratios were arranged.

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The anorexic and actometric effects of cocaine and two coca extracts

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Can Coca Leaves Contribute to Improving the Nutritional Status of the Andean Population?

Tolerance to and Residual Effects of Cocaine in Squirrel Monkeys Depend on Reinforcement‐schedule Parameter

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