The Antarctic convergence South of New Zealand

Abstract

A detailed profile of temperature and salinity across the upper layers of the Antarctic Convergence worked to the north of the Ross Sea during February 1958 is discussed in terms of water movements and mixing across this major oceanic water mass boundary. The introduction of Pacific Deep Water into near surface waters is found to dominate the hydrological pattern, its influence apparently enhanced in this sector of the Southern Ocean by the position of the Pacific Antarctic Ridge in relation to deep water movements, This results in water of relatively high salinity for the Antarctic zone being found in this sector, and also introduces water of low 14C activity from the 'Very "old" Deep water into the surface pattern resulting in a significant carbon-14 depletion of Antarctic surface water.

Major nutrients and dissolved oxygen as indicators of the frontal zones in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

“…One of the main advantages of using phenomenological criteria for identifying of fronts is the quasi‐permanent nature of frontal properties of the South Ocean frontal zones. The PFZ has been studied most extensively using phenomenological criteria and has been defined as the location where the temperature minimum deepened below 200 m [ Deacon , 1933; Mackintosh , 1946; Lutjeharms and Emery , 1983], as the northern limit of the subsurface temperature inversion [ Garner , 1958], as the location of the minimum salinity axis at 200 m [ Ostapoff , 1962; Gordon et al , 1978; Taylor et al , 1978], and as the location of the temperature minimum [ Gordon , 1967]. Proposed definitions for the SAF include the rapid deepening of the subsurface salinity minimum [ Whitworth and Nowlin , 1987], the origin of the intermediate salinity minimum north of the SAF [ Peterson and Whitworth , 1989], and the location where the salinity minimum layer crosses the 400 to 600 m depth for tracing the SAF [ Patterson and Whitworth , 1990].…”

Fronts and surface zonal geostrophic current along 115°E in the southern Indian Ocean

“…The PF2 has several permanent oceanographic features, such as the temperature minimum deepening below 200 m (Deacon, 1933;Mackintosh, 1946;Lutjeharms and Emery, 1983), the northern limit of the subsurface temperature inversion (Garner, 1958), the northern terminus of 2 • C isotherm at the temperature minimum layer (Orsi et al, 1995;Yuan et al, 2004), and the minimum salinity axis at 200 m (Ostapoff, 1962;Gordon et al, 1978;Taylor et al, 1978), each of which can be used to define the location of the front. The present study used the northern limit of 2 • C isotherm at the temperature minimum layer and defined the location of the PF2, namely the traditional polar front, at 50.5 • S in the study section (Fig.…”

'Ex-pats' and 'Poofters': The New Zealand All Whites

“…'After years of ridicule, taunts about a soccer player's virility or his accent, the sport had finally been accepted'. 26 Steve Wooddin, as ever, had given the All Whites the lead before an 18-year-old Wynton Rufer scored a brilliant second goal, his fourth in three games since being called to the squad. 27 The Chinese scored with 20 minutes still to play and the All Whites defended grimly to hang on to their lead.…”

“…The 60,000 capacity venue had sold-out in six hours and the live telecast to China, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and New Zealand would be seen by an estimated 200 million viewers. 24 The All Whites duly arrived for their showdown with the largest nation in the world courtesy of a public appeal, which raised the $38,000 (NZ) needed for this extra fixture. The appeal was overwhelmingly successful and the oversubscribed fund closed after just a week.…”