The anterior ethmoidal nerve is necessary for the initiation of the nasopharyngeal response in the rat

Rybka, E.J.; McCulloch, Paul F.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.112

Cited by 28 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although the bradycardia induced in our nasally stimulated rats anesthetized with urethane was significantly different from control levels, similar to a previous report (84), it also was significantly different from that induced in voluntary underwater diving. Moreover, the change in MABP of the anesthetized rats was significantly different from that of both voluntary diving and nasal stimulation of decerebrate rats without anesthesia.…”

Section: Voluntary Diving Versus Voluntary Swimmingsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers innervate the nasal mucosa and provide most of the fibers in the anterior ethmoidal nerve (2,12,23,54,96,97). These small fibers also are probably important for the hemodynamic responses elicited by nasal stimulation with ammonia vapors (84). General anesthetics influence the firing behavior of both peripheral afferent fibers as well as neurons in the central nervous system.…”

Section: Voluntary Diving Versus Voluntary Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Panneton

Gan

Juric

2010

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Underwater submersion in mammals induces apnea, parasympathetically mediated bradycardia, and sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction. These effects are collectively termed the diving response, potentially the most powerful autonomic reflex known. Although these physiological responses are directed by neurons in the brain, study of neural control of the diving response has been hampered since 1) it is difficult to study the brains of animals while they are underwater, 2) feral marine mammals are usually large and have brains of variable size, and 3) there are but few references on the brains of naturally diving species. Similar responses are elicited in anesthetized rodents after stimulation of their nasal mucosa, but this nasopharyngeal reflex has not been compared directly with natural diving behavior in the rat. In the present study, we compared hemodynamic responses elicited in awake rats during volitional underwater submersion with those of rats swimming on the water's surface, rats involuntarily submerged, and rats either anesthetized or decerebrate and stimulated nasally with ammonia vapors. We show that the hemodynamic changes to voluntary diving in the rat are similar to those of naturally diving marine mammals. We also show that the responses of voluntary diving rats are 1) significantly different from those seen during swimming, 2) generally similar to those elicited in trained rats involuntarily "dunked" underwater, and 3) generally different from those seen from dunking naive rats underwater. Nasal stimulation of anesthetized rats differed most from the hemodynamic variables of rats trained to dive voluntarily. We propose that the rat trained to dive underwater is an excellent laboratory model to study neural control of the mammalian diving response, and also suggest that some investigations may be done with nasal stimulation of decerebrate preparations to decipher such control.

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Section: Voluntary Diving Versus Voluntary Swimmingsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Voluntary Diving Versus Voluntary Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Panneton

Gan

Juric

2010

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…It is found to be immersed in the trigeminal tract and shares similar thermo-algesic functions due to its closeness to SC5. As well as being interrelated to vegetative activity and motor coordination of talking and deglution, it has also been attributed with regulating bloodpressure, controlling visceral pain, thermal regulation and motivational-affective responses to pain due to its connections with the solitary nucleus, raphe magnus, parabrachial area and amygdaloid nucleus (trigeminal-parabrachial-amygdaloid ipsilateral tract) with its usual visceral, nutritional (anorexia), respiratory, thermal and inhibitory descending pain effects (Caous et al;Armstrong & Holpkins;Jasmin et al,1997;Paues et al, 2006;Rybka & McCulloch, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thoracic Vagal Ganglion and Referred Craniofacial Pain: a Case Report and Review

et al. 2007

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SUMMARY:The presence of a ganglion-like tumefaction is reported in the mediastinal course of the right vagus nerve at T1 level in a cadaver in the Universidad Industrial de Santander's morphology laboratory. The vagal ganglion was located next to hyperplasic lymphoid nodes in para-tracheal and tracheal-bronchial levels, agglomerating in a large lymphoid mass in the carina and the pulmonary hilum. Anatomical-pathological study revealed a marked, diffusely distributed, predominantly histo-lymphocyte mixed inflammation, separating the epineurium, producing lysis of the vagus nerve fibers. This finding showed the degeneration of this cranial par by mediastinal pathology. This provided a possible explanation for the physiopathology of pain referring to the head and neck in inflammatory or neoplastic pathology involving compression and degeneration by inflammatory infiltration of the vagus nerve. Pons-medullar trigeminal afferent tracts and connectivity, supra-spinal pathways for processing somatic-visceral pain, possible somatic-vegetative responses and the integration of the trigeminal system in the physiology of pain concerning the vagus nerve are all discussed.

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“…diving response; integrative neurophysiology; neuronal network AQUATIC MAMMALS REQUIRE SPECIFIC modulation of cardiorespiratory functions to permit sustained breath-hold dives. These modulations are summarized as the diving response, which is initiated by the activation of trigeminal sensory afferents from the forehead, eyes, nasal cavity, and lips (6,9,12,18,21,26,42,44). The hallmarks of the diving response are centrally mediated apnea and glottal constriction to protect the lower airways from invasion of liquids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies identified the trigeminal ethmoidal nerve (EN5), a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, as crucial afferent for the initiation of the diving response in rat (12,42). The EN5 targets anatomically defined areas of the ponto-medullary brain stem (16,31,34,35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Repetitive paired stimulation of nasotrigeminal and peripheral chemoreceptor afferents cause progressive potentiation of the diving bradycardia

Rozložník

Paton²,

Dutschmann³

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Hallmarks of the mammalian diving response are protective apnea and bradycardia. These cardiorespiratory adaptations can be mimicked by stimulation of the trigeminal ethmoidal nerve (EN5) and reflect oxygen-conserving mechanisms during breath-hold dives. Increasing drive from peripheral chemoreceptors during sustained dives was reported to enhance the diving bradycardia. The underlying neuronal mechanisms, however, are unknown. In the present study, expression and plasticity of EN5-bradycardias after paired stimulation of the EN5 and peripheral chemoreceptors was investigated in the in situ working heart-brain stem preparation. Paired stimulations enhanced significantly the bradycardic responses compared with EN5-evoked bradycardia using submaximal stimulation intensity. Alternating stimulations of the EN5 followed by paired stimulation of the EN5 and chemoreceptors (10 trials, 3-min interval) caused a progressive and significant potentiation of EN5-evoked diving bradycardia. In contrast, bradycardias during paired stimulation remained unchanged during repetitive stimulation. The progressive potentiation of EN5-bradycardias was significantly enhanced after microinjection of the 5-HT(3) receptor agonist (CPBG hydrochloride) into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), while the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist (zacopride hydrochloride) attenuated the progressive potentiation. These results suggest an integrative function of the NTS for the multimodal mediation of the diving response. The potentiation or training of a submaximal diving bradycardia requires peripheral chemoreceptor drive and involves neurotransmission via 5-HT(3) receptor within the NTS.

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The anterior ethmoidal nerve is necessary for the initiation of the nasopharyngeal response in the rat

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Thoracic Vagal Ganglion and Referred Craniofacial Pain: a Case Report and Review

Repetitive paired stimulation of nasotrigeminal and peripheral chemoreceptor afferents cause progressive potentiation of the diving bradycardia

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