The anterograde and retrograde retrieval ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis

Cermak, Laird S.; O’Connor, Margaret

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(83)90039-8

Cited by 309 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…Other patients had better remote memory (e.g. Cermak & O'Connor, 1983;Evans, Graham, Pratt, & Hodges, 2003;Hokkanen, Launes, Vataja, Valanne, & Iivanainen, 1995;Mayes et al, 2003;Oxbury, Oxbury, Renowden, Squier, & Carpenter, 1997). Some patients had near-complete, ungraded RA (Kapur, Ellison, Smith, McLellan, & Burrows, 1992;Kapur et al, 1996, Case 2;Kitchener, Hodges, & McCarthy, 1998;Tanaka, Miyazawa, Hashimoto, Nakano, & Obayashi, 1999;Lucchelli & Spinnler, 1998;Warrington & McCarthy, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual memory loss and autobiographical amnesia: a case study

et al. 2005

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Amnesia typically results from trauma to the medial temporal regions that coordinate activation among the disparate areas of cortex that represent the information that make up autobiographical memories. We proposed that amnesia should also result from damage to these regions, particularly regions that subserve long-term visual memory [Rubin, D. C., & Greenberg, D. L. (1998). Visual memory-deficit amnesia: A distinct amnesic presentation and etiology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 5413-5416]. We previously found 11 such cases in the literature, and all 11 had amnesia. We now present a detailed investigation of one of these patients. M.S. suffers from long-term visual memory loss along with some semantic deficits; he also manifests a severe retrograde amnesia and moderate anterograde amnesia. The presentation of his amnesia differs from that of the typical medial-temporal or lateral-temporal amnesic; we suggest that his visual deficits may be contributing to his autobiographical amnesia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual memory loss and autobiographical amnesia: a case study

et al. 2005

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“…RA for public events and personalities, however, is less extensive and often is temporally graded; this is truer still of semantic memory, which includes knowledge of new vocabulary and facts about the world and ourselves (i.e. our address, the names of friends, our job), what some have called personal semantics to distinguish them from autobiographical episodes [7,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Rosenbaum

Winocur

Moscovitch

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

141

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Evidence of temporally graded retrograde amnesia (RA) following hippocampal damage has fuelled the long-standing belief that memory undergoes a consolidation process, whereby memories are progressively modified in neocortical regions until they are independent of the hippocampal (HPC) complex. Support for this position derives from both the animal and human RA literature, although the results are not consistent. Specifically, consolidation theory does not account for loss of episodic (detail) information in humans and context-dependent information in animals, which often extend back for much of the life span. We discuss an alternative approach, the Multiple Trace Theory, which suggests that the HPC complex contributes to the retrieval of recent and remote episodic and context-dependent memories. According to this view, such memory traces are represented as spatially distributed interactions between the HPC and neocortex that persist for as long as those memories exist. On the other hand, semantic, or context-free, memories can become independent of the HPC as consolidation theory predicts. In support of this view, we report recent accounts of relatively flat RA gradients in autobiographical and spatial detail loss in patients and animal models with extensive bilateral HPC lesions. By comparison, temporally graded RA was observed in tests of semantic and context-free memory. We also report neuroimaging studies in which hippocampal activity, elicited during recollection of autobiographical memories, did not distinguish recent from remote episodes. Our discussion suggests ways to reconcile discrepancies in the literature and guide predictions of the occurrence of flat versus temporally limited gradients of remote episodic and semantic memory loss following lesions to HPC.

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“…Finally, the postencephalitic patients S.S. and R.F.R. (Cermak & O'Connor, 1983;Warrington & McCarthy, 1988) are reported to have access to some personal knowledge about their past but not to partieular episodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand, patients who show an extensive, pervasive, and ungraded remote-memory impairment on tests of fact memory also cannot recollect specific episodes from their past (Cermak & O'Connor, 1983;Damasio et al, 1985). On the other hand, those same patients who exhibit a temporal gradient ofretrograde amnesia on fact-memory tests (i.e., patients for whom very remote factual information is intact) can also recall early autobiographieal episodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitative assessments of amnesie patients using this technique have found that some patients ean recollect well-formed autobiographieal episodes, although they often tend to draw them from earlier time periods than do normal subjeets (Baddeley & Wilson, 1986;Sagar, Cohen, Corkin, & Growdon, 1985;Zola-Morgan, Cohen, & Squire, 1983; ZolaMorgan, Squire, & Amaral, 1986). At the same time, not all amnesie patients are eapable of reeonstrueting normal episodes, and some patients are said to be unable to produee any episodes from their lives at all (Cermak & O'Connor, 1983;Damasio, Eslinger, Damasio, Van Hoesen, & Cornell, 1985;Tulving, Schacter, MeLaehlan, & Moseoviteh, 1988;Warrington & MeCarthy, 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Autobiographical memory and amnesia

MacKinnon

Squire

1989

Psychobiology

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In four experiments, we asaessed autobiographical memory in 5 normal subjects and in 5 memoryimpaired patients, all of whom had beeome amnesie on a known date. The patients were unable to produee autobiographieal reeolleetions in as mueh detail as the normal subjects eould. The impairment was espeeially notieeable when single-word eues were used to elieit memories and when subjects were asked to recollect events from any past time period. Amnesie patients performed better when they were instrueted to restriet their recollections to ehildhood or adolescenee. In partieular, when single-word eues were used together with probe questions, or when struetured questions were used instead of single-word eues, amnesie patients produeed recollections about ehildhood and adoleseenee that eould not be distinguished qualitatively or quantitatively from the reeolleetions of normal subjects. The patients who had the most diffieulty reeolleeting autobiographical episodes were the same ones who in a previous study had exhibited the most severe and extensive retrograde amnesia on fact-memory tests. These findings do not support the view that amnesia especially affects episodic, as eompared to semantie, memory. Isolated amnesie syndromes ean have little effeet on the storage and retrieval of very remote memories, whether they be memories for facts or memories for speeifie autobiographie al episodes.

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The anterograde and retrograde retrieval ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis

Cited by 309 publications

References 14 publications

Visual memory loss and autobiographical amnesia: a case study

Visual memory loss and autobiographical amnesia: a case study

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Autobiographical memory and amnesia

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