The Anthropocene and CO2: Processes of Capture and Conversion

Abstract

Anthropocene is discussed in this article in the point of view of chemical CO2 capture, use and conversion. The processes and technologies of carbon capture are presented as well as some of the several ways of using or converting it into other chemicals. The technologies of precombustion, poscombustion, oxycombustion and chemical looping were discussed. The materials used for CO2 capture, including amines, solid adsorbents such as charcoal, zeolites, metal organic frameworks, double layer hydroxides and membranes, were briefly presented. The major direct industrial uses of CO2 were discussed for the obtention of key chemicals, such as urea, methanol, cyclic carbonates and carboxylic acids. Some routes were selected to be discussed in more detail, showing the better catalysts and processes in use or research. The comparison between capture and storage and capture and use is not so easy as it may be regarded initially because it depends on the process, technologies, raw materials, obtained products and the analysis of a careful up-todate life cycle (for the present market) of each process and route, which is already not available.

Radionuclídeos Como Marcadores De Um Novo Tempo: O Antropoceno

“…23,[29][30][31] Essas áreas abrangem, como importantes exemplos, os estudos das mudanças climáticas, acidificação dos oceanos, alterações nos ciclos biogeoquímicos globais, extinção de espécies, diminuição da camada de ozônio, formação de aerossóis, produção e contaminação dos sedimentos e das águas com diferentes poluentes persistentes e outros eventos relacionados aos chamados Limites Planetários. 23,28,[34][35][36][37] Mesmo que o termo Antropoceno venha sendo utilizado de maneira informal nessas áreas, o seu reconhecimento e ratificação servirá como base e validação de muitos desses estudos, especialmente os estudos da dinâmica do Sistema Terra.…”

“…Esses valores são 147 e 259% maiores que os da época pré-industrial (antes de 1750). 37,45 O ar ocluso no gelo da Groenlândia e da Antártica permite determinar quais foram as variações dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) no passado. Esses registros mostram que, no Pleistoceno, as concentrações foram menores durante os períodos glaciais e maiores durante os períodos interglaciais, com o CO 2 variando entre 180 e 280 ppm e o CH 4 entre 350 e 700 ppb.…”

Prevalence of burnout syndrome in gynecology and obstetrics residents at the Maternal-Infant University Hospital of São Luís-MA.

“…[4] Medical residency as a model of internationally applied specialization, is the moment in which the young doctorrecently graduated, most of the time, is faced with more intense adverse situations than at any previous moment in his life. [5] It is subjected to an excessive workload (officially with an upper limit of 60 hours per week -extrapolated in several situations), compared to most regular workers (which cannot exceed 40 hours), combined with insecurity in relation to their education and training in service, the tension of the hierarchy between residents of different years, preceptors and other employees of the hospital staff, not to mention the need for working hours outside the teaching hospital to supplement the income. [5] BS is a chronic stress reaction, which causes indisposition and discomfort in the individual, resulting from a work situation.…”

“…[5] It is subjected to an excessive workload (officially with an upper limit of 60 hours per week -extrapolated in several situations), compared to most regular workers (which cannot exceed 40 hours), combined with insecurity in relation to their education and training in service, the tension of the hierarchy between residents of different years, preceptors and other employees of the hospital staff, not to mention the need for working hours outside the teaching hospital to supplement the income. [5] BS is a chronic stress reaction, which causes indisposition and discomfort in the individual, resulting from a work situation. It can be easily observed when individual expectations related to professional practice are revealed through a non-corresponding reality, giving rise to a feeling of failure and impotence.…”

“…This justifies the performance of behavioral analysis to quantify this measure in search of improving labor parameters. [5] The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in resident physicians of the Gynecology and Obstetrics specialty at the University Hospital Materno Infantil, Federal University of Maranhão, in São Luís.…”