The anti-Alzheimer potential of novel spiroindolin-1,2-diazepine derivatives as targeted cholinesterase inhibitors with modified substituents

Abstract

In this study, a new series of spiro indolin-1,2-diazepine were designed, synthesized, and screened for their cholinesterase inhibitory activities. A novel, green, high-yielding approach was constructed to synthesize spiro indolin-1,2-diazepine derivatives through a cascade reaction of different isatins, malononitrile and 1,1-enediamines (EDAMs) via sequential four-component reactions to produce the target compounds with good to excellent yields. Next the inhibitory potencies of all derivatives were determined spectroscopically at 415 nm using the modified Ellman method. The results of the in vitro screening indicated that 5l with spiroindolin-1,2-diazepine core bearing 5-NO2 at R1 and 4-OH at R2 was the most potent and selective AChE inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.98 ± 1.07 µM with no significant inhibition against BChE while 5j was the most active analog against both AChE and BChE enzymes. The structure–activity relationships suggested the variation in the inhibitory activities of derivatives was affected by different substitutions on the indolinone ring as well as the phenyl moiety. The enzyme kinetic studies of the most potent compound 5l at five different concentrations and acetylthiocholine substrate (0.1–1 mM) by Ellman's method revealed that it inhibited AChE in a mixed mode with a Ki of 0.044 μM. A molecular docking study was performed via induced fit docking protocol to predict the putative binding interaction. It was shown that the moieties used in the initial structure design play a fundamental role in interacting with the enzyme's binding site. Further, molecular dynamics simulations with the Schrödinger package were performed for 5l in a complex with AChE and revealed that compound 5l formed the stable complex with the enzyme. The MTT toxicity assessments against the neuroblastoma cell line were executed, and no toxicity was seen for 5l under the tested concentrations.

Amino-7,8-dihydro-4H-chromenone derivatives as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase for Alzheimer’s disease management; in vitro and in silico study

“…Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to comprehend the intricate dynamic behaviors and structural transitions exhibited by the 4k -BChE complex compared to its unbound apoenzyme state. The simulation procedures were done by employing Schrödinger’s Desmond software, adhering to an established procedural documented in the previous scientific literature [ 21 ]. Throughout the MD simulation, the RMSD trajectory of the 4k -BChE complex exhibited fluctuations up to 20 nanoseconds.…”

Synthesis of novel aryl-substituted 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the cascade reaction of 1,1-enediamines with vinamidinium salts to develop novel anti-Alzheimer agents

“…The absorbance of each well was measured at 415 nm using a microplate reader. IC 50 and inhibition values were calculated with the software GraphPad Prism as the mean of three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SEM 42 , 43 .…”

Anticholinesterase activities of novel isoindolin-1,3-dione-based acetohydrazide derivatives: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular dynamic study

“…Current AD therapies primarily revolve around the cholinergic hypothesis and involve the use of cholinesterase inhibitors, including medications such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine. Ongoing research aims to explore novel AChE and BChE inhibitors that not only alleviate symptoms but also potentially modify the course of the disease, offering hope for more effective interventions in the future, and different scaffolds have been developed as effective anti-ChE inhibitors,including diazepine [ 11 ], hydrazone–sulfonate [ 12 ], benzimidazole [ 13 ], isatin [ 14 ], benzoxazole [ 14 ], imidazole [ 15 ] derivatives.…”