The Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Cynanchi Paniculati Radix

Abstract

Cynanchum paniculatum KITAG. (Asclepiadaceae) is a vivacious plant distributed across all of Korea and also cultivated in China. The root of Cynanchum paniculatum is used as a Chinese traditional medicine. Recently, the plants of genus Cynanchum of Asclepiadaceae, e.g. Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum auriculatum and Cynanchum paniculatum, were studied for their anticancer and analgesic effects. [1][2][3] In addition, Cynanchum paniculatum has been traditionally used for gastritis and relieving pain in China. In traditional medicine, the dried root of Cynanchum paniculatum relieves rheumatic arthralgia, lumbago, pain due to traumatic injuries, abdominal pain, toothache, and other kinds of pain, as well as skin diseases such as eczema, rubella, neurodermatitis and snake bite. 4) A number of chemical constituents such as cynapanosides A, B, and C, paeonol, and antopine have been identified from Cynanchum paniculatum, 3,5,6) of which paeonol had been found to have analgesic effects in mice. 6)These studies concentrated on its analgesic and anticancer effects, without investigating its anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, the present study employed NSAIDs; indomethacin, which is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, and phenidone, which is a dual blocker of COX and lipoxygenase (LOX), to compare the anti-inflammatory effects with EACP. Pentobarbital sodium was used to study the sedative effect. The present study was undertaken to further elucidate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cynanchum paniculatum, using the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of the 70% methanol extract of its roots. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant MaterialThe roots of Cynanchum paniculatum were purchased from Young-chang Co., Seoul, Korea. This plant material was authenticated by Dr. D. Y. Kwon and a voucher specimen (No. 05-010) was deposited in the laboratory of herbology, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.Preparation of Fraction The roots of Cynanchum paniculatum (1 kg) were extracted with 70% MeOH three times for 2 h under heating mantle-reflux. The resultant extract was condensed to 1 l in a rotary vacuum evaporator (N-1000S, EYELA, Japan) and in succession was partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and 1-buthanol (BuOH). After each partition, the solutions were filtered and the solvents were evaporated in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The extract yielded hexane (13.0 g), EtOAc (9.85 g), BuOH (40.4 g) and water (103.7 g) soluble fractions. All of the samples were stored at Ϫ4°C. The samples of the fractions and reference drugs were suspended in 5% Tween 80.Animals Male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-120, 180-200 g) and male ICR mice (30Ϯ3 g) were purchased from SAMTAKO BIOKOREA, Korea and used in the experiments. All animals were kept in a temperature-controlled room with a 12 h light-12 h dark cycle. The animals had free access to commercial solid food (SCF Co., Ltd., Korea) and water ad libitum. They were acclimatized for at least 1 week before starting the experiments.Drugs and Chemicals Evans Blue, acetic...

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate extract of Gynura formosana (Kitam) leaves

“…Lipid peroxidation is an oxidative deterioration reaction that may alter the polyunsaturated lipids to radical intermediates and subsequently cause cellular damage. MDA is a major end-product of this reaction, and a marker of lipid peroxidation (33). In this study, CAT, SOD, GSH and MDA were assayed in liver tissues of rats treated with EAEG to further investigate the antioxidant mechanisms underlying the protective effects of Gynura formosana Kitam leaves on inflammation.…”

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract ofAlpinia conchigerarhizomes in various animal models

“…Peripheral COX involvement is suggested based on the ability of ACRE to inhibit the writhing response (Deraedt et al, 1980;Berkenkopf & Weichman, 1988) and carrageenan-induced paw edema (Gamache et al, 1986). The writhing test has been associated with an increase of prostanoids (prostagalndins PGE 2 and PGF 2α ) released in peritoneal fluids as well as other lipooxygenase (LO) products (Vasudevan et al, 2006;Choi et al, 2006), while carrageenan-induced inflammation is more effectively controlled with the arachidonate COX, but not arachidonate LO, inhibitors (Gamache et al, 1986). The involvement of central COX in pain response has been reported by Pini et al (1997).…”

“…Thus, the antinociceptive effect seen in the late phase suggests the ACRE inhibitory effect on inflammatory-mediated pain, which could reflect the extract's effect on the synthesis, release, or action of prostaglandins, etc. (Choi et al, 2006). The development of edema in the paw of the rat after the administration of carrageenan is characterized by a biphasic process.…”

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Herbal Mixture Extracts in Mice

“…AA was shown to increase inflammatory mediators, including PGE2, histamine, and serotonin, in peritoneal fluids followed by induction of vascular permeability [21]. AA-induced vascular permeability is one of the acute inflammatory models [14].…”