The Antibacterial Activity of Erythrocytes From Goose (Anser domesticus) Can Be Associated With Phagocytosis and Respiratory Burst Generation

Abstract

In the lumen of blood vessels, there are large numbers of erythrocytes, which are approximately 95% of the total blood cells. Although the function of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen in the organism, recent studies have shown that mammalian and teleost erythrocytes are involved in the immune response against bacterial infections. However, the immune mechanisms used by avian erythrocytes are not yet clear. Here, we demonstrated that erythrocytes from goose have the ability to phagocytose as well as conduct antimicrobial activity. Firstly, we revealed the phagocytosis or adhesion activity of goose erythrocytes for latex beads 0.1-1.0 μm in diameter by fluorescence microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The low cytometry results also proved that goose erythrocytes had a wide range of phagocytic or adhesion activity for different bacteria. Followed, the low cytometry analysis data further explored that the goose erythrocytes contain the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to bacterial stimulation, and also up-regulated the expression of NOX family includes NOX1 and NOX5. Finally, we also found that goose erythrocytes showed a powerful antibacterial activity against all the three bacteria, meanwhile the stimulation of three kinds of bacteria up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors, and increased the production of antioxidant enzymes to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Herein, our results demonstrate that goose Erythrocytes possess a certain phagocytic capacity and antioxidant system, and that the antimicrobial activity of erythrocytes can occurred through the production of unique respiratory burst against foreign pathogenic bacteria, which provides new clues to the interaction between bacteria and avian erythrocytes.

Endocytosis-Mediated Transport of Pb in Rat Blood Cells

“…Although ion channels are important molecular targets for the intercellular transport of Pb, it is highly likely that other transport pathways exist, considering that most of the Pb in the blood is in the form of binding to protein. Endocytosis, an important pathway for intercellular transport of macromolecules, is a process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane, which is closely related to a variety of life activities, such as immune response, neurotransmitter transport, cell signal transduction, and cellular and tissue metabolic balance. , In general, endocytosis can be divided into pinocytosis and phagocytosis. , Although conventional wisdom holds that endocytosis occurs mainly in specialized cells of the immune system and red blood cells lack endocytosis due to the absence of mitochondria, studies have found that particles and microorganisms may be transferred into red blood cells in a manner similar to endocytosis. − In this study, we found for the first time that Pb-binding proteins in blood cells are primarily involved in phagocytosis, which is related to the level of Pb in the blood (Figure C). This identifies two possible different understandings for intercellular transport of Pb, one is the phagocytosis-like (precisely, internalization) transport pathway, which transports Pb-binding proteins or small molecules into red blood cells through internalization, and the other is phagocytes such as macrophages, which engulf senescent or damaged red blood cells that are attached to Pb and transport Pb into the bone marrow.…”

The Factors for the Occurrence of Pulmonary Infection after Gastrointestinal Surgery and the Construction of a Predictive Model Using sTREM-1 and TIM-4: A Retrospective Study

“…Previous research [35] has indicated that 30-40% of elective surgical patients experience preoperative anemia, which could complicate surgery, increase the likelihood of transfusion or admission to the intensive care unit, elevate the risk of infection events, and prolong hospital stays. Red blood cells, like white blood cells, play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism, as they clear immune complexes by binding to C3b receptors [36]. In anemic patients, the immune adherence activity of red blood cells to C3b is significantly reduced, leading to a decline in immune function and weakening of the phagocytic action against pathogens.…”

Anti-Inflammatory Activation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is Mediated by Berberine Erythrocytes Self-Assembly Targeted Delivery System

“…Erythrocytes, the most abundant blood cell type, occupy a quarter of the total cell numbers within the human body. 24 Erythrocytes harbor various distinctive properties such as unmatched long circulation, biocompatibility and biodegradability that make them appealing vascular carriers for in vivo delivery of natural and synthetic payloads. 9 , 25 Although our previous study has suggested a BBR erythrocytes-Hb self-assembly delivery system, 12 the metabolic aspect, targeted delivery and dose–effect relationship of BBR mediated by erythrocytes have not yet been clearly clarified.…”