The Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Coated Titanium Implants: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Nanotechnology has become an emerging research field with numerous biomedical scientific applications. Silver possesses bactericidal activities that have been harnessed for centuries; however, there is a concern about the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles. This paper aims to provide an overview of silver-treated dental implants and discuss their potential to reduce the prevalence of peri-implant diseases. An electronic search was performed using PubMed. After screening, data extraction was performed on the 45 remaining articles using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the articles demonstrated that silver nanoparticles embedded in a coating layer and/or on surface-treated titanium exhibit sound antibacterial effects and biocompatibility. Most of the reviewed studies revealed that silver nanoparticles on dental implant surfaces reduced cytotoxicity but provided a prolonged antibacterial effect. The cytotoxicity and antibacterial effect are closely linked to how the silver nanoparticles are released from the titanium surfaces, where a slower release increases cell viability and proliferation. However, to improve the clinical translation, there is still a need for more studies, especially evaluating the long-term systemic effects and studies recreating the conditions in the oral cavity.

Characterization and investigation of electrochemical and biological properties of antibacterial silver nanoparticle-deposited TiO2 nanotube array surfaces

“…The releasing of Ag + ions is reduced by the penetration of AgNPs onto the nanotube structure. Thus, it was stated that AgNPs on the nanotube structure provides a long-lasting antibacterial capability and less cytotoxic Ag concentration compared to other Ag structures such as microparticles, ionic or compounds 18 .…”

Gas-Phase Produced Cu@CuO Nanoparticles on Microarc Oxidized TiO2: Effect of Size on Antibacterial Efficiency and Osteoblast Viability

“…For SFE calculations, the average of the measurements of contact angle for water was used. The Neumann method was then applied to determine the surface energy (γ S ), which is based on the state equation, with the final form of the equation given as follows: cos .25em θ + 1 = 2 ( γ s γ L ) e true[ − β ( γ L − γ s ) true] where β = 0.0001247 (m 2 /mJ), γ L = 72.8 mJ/m 2 , and θ (contact angle) are known for each sample. Numerical iteration was required in order to solve the Neumann equation.…”

“…Titanium alloys that have low density, high strength, superior corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility are widely used for orthopedic implants. , However, titanium alloys are bioinert, cannot bond to bone tissue, and do not possess any antibacterial ability . Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )-based nanotube/microporous bioceramic coatings on titanium alloys can be produced by anodic oxidation (AO) − and microarc oxidation (MAO) , allowing well-ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays to be produced on Ti and its alloys. − However, compared to TiO 2 nanotubes produced by AO.…”

Potential of titanium based alloys in the biomedical sector and their surface modification techniques: A review

“…They also assayed the cell proliferation by applying MG-63 cells over the samples by incubating them for 72 h. The results disclosed that only 25%-30% of cells were proliferated and attached to the TNZA rather than TNZ40, as exhibited in Figure 25(b). Haugen et al 119 conducted a review to inspect the antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of Ti dental implants which were coated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles. The review witnessed that Ag deposited titanium biomaterials significantly prolonged the antibacterial feature as long as they reduced the cytotoxicity.…”