The Antigenicity of Ultra-Violet Irradiated Vaccinia Virus

Collier, Leslie; McClean, Douglas; Vallet, L.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400001017

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Collier, McClean & Vallet (1955) obtained encouraging results in rabbits using ultra-violet-irradiated virus, both in terms of antibody produced and immunity to challenge, but results in a pilot study in man (Kaplan, McClean & Vallet, 1962;Kaplan, 1962;Kaplan et al 1965) were regarded as unsatisfactory, in that the immunity to challenge was not reproduced though antibody was elicited. Amies (1961), RamanaRao (1962) and McNeill (1965) showed formalintreated virus to be immunogenic in rabbits and Herrlich (1959;1964) has used such a vaccine for pre-immunization before vaccination with live virus without, however, completely banishing complications.…”

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confidence: 99%

The immunogenicity of heat-inactivated vaccinia virus in rabbits

Madeley

1968

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYRabbits were immunized by multiple intradermal injections followed by six intravenous doses of vaccinia virus inactivated by heating to 65° C. Particular attention was paid to confirming that the virus used was fully inactivated and incapable of reactivation. The immunized rabbits developed neutralizing and other antibodies to a titre comparable with those developed in response to live virus, but multiple intravenous injections were required to elicit a maximum titre. A qualitatively different response was seen only in immunodiffusion tests in agar gel where two or three fewer lines developed with antisera to heated virus than with those to live virus. The rabbits were subsequently challenged intradermally either with vaccinia and cowpox or with rabbitpox. They showed some immunity to vaccinia and cowpox, compared with normal controls, but less than that elicited by live virus. Their resistance to lethal doses of rabbitpox was life-saving though some rabbits did develop lesions. Later rechallenge of the rabbits showed that they had not developed further immunity, in distinction from the normal controls. The implications of these findings are discussed.I wish to thank the National Fund for Research into Poliomyelitis and Other Crippling Diseases for their generous support in providing a Research Fellowship during which this work was done. I wish to thank also Professor A. W. Downie F.R.S. and the Staff of the Department of Bacteriology, University of Liverpool, for their encouragement and assistance respectively.

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confidence: 99%

The immunogenicity of heat-inactivated vaccinia virus in rabbits

Madeley

1968

J. Hyg.

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“…The proportion of heatresistant particles varies inversely with the temperature of exposure. The inactivation of heat-sensitive virus is temperature dependent and seems to be a first-order reaction, while the heat-resistant fraction is inactivated at a constant slow rate unrelated to temperature over the range 5Oo-6O0.The work reported here is part of a larger investigation of virus inactivation by physical agents including ultraviolet and ionizing radiations, under conditions that do not destroy antigenicity (McClean, 1945;Collier, McClean & Vallet, 1956). The heat inactivation of vaccinia virus was determined as a preliminary to testing the protective antigenicity of heat inactivated vaccines.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The work reported here is part of a larger investigation of virus inactivation by physical agents including ultraviolet and ionizing radiations, under conditions that do not destroy antigenicity (McClean, 1945; Collier, McClean & Vallet, 1956). The heat inactivation of vaccinia virus was determined as a preliminary to testing the protective antigenicity of heat inactivated vaccines.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Heat Inactivation of Vaccinia Virus

Kaplan

1958

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Heat inactivation curves of vaccinia virus between 50' and 60' indicate that the virus is heterogeneous in its heat sensitivity. The proportion of heatresistant particles varies inversely with the temperature of exposure. The inactivation of heat-sensitive virus is temperature dependent and seems to be a first-order reaction, while the heat-resistant fraction is inactivated at a constant slow rate unrelated to temperature over the range 5Oo-6O0.The work reported here is part of a larger investigation of virus inactivation by physical agents including ultraviolet and ionizing radiations, under conditions that do not destroy antigenicity (McClean, 1945;Collier, McClean & Vallet, 1956). The heat inactivation of vaccinia virus was determined as a preliminary to testing the protective antigenicity of heat inactivated vaccines. METHODS Virus.Most of the experiments were done with the Lister Institute strain of vaccinia virus adapted to the chick embryo; two experiments were done with the WR mouse neuro-adapted strain of virus. Infected chorioallantoic membranes were extracted in dilute McIlvaine buffer by grinding with sterile powdered neutral glass, Extracts were centrifuged at l O O O g for 15 min. to clear them of debris, titrated and stored at 4". For inactivation, extracts were diluted to a titre between about lo7 and lo8 infective units/ml. Experimental procedure. One ml. samples of virus were heated in small, thin-walled test tubes in a water bath accurate to +0-2'. Samples were removed from the bath at intervals and immediately cooled in a melting ice bath. They were stored at 4" until infectivity titrations were made: this was generally within a few hours, but on a few occasions there was an interval of 2 or 8 days.Infectivity titrations were made by pock counts on the chorioallantoic membranes of 12-or 13-day chick embryos. The refinements of membrane handling technique described by Westwood, Phipps & Boulter (1957) were used. In titrations of WR strain 3-day instead of the usual 2-day incubation was used, because after 2 days the pocks were pale and poorly developed.Diluent. All extractions and dilutions were made in McIlvaine's phosphate + citrate buffer, pH 7.2, 0-004 M-phosphate.In graphs of the results each point is the arithmetic mean of at least four experiments unless otherwise stated. The results are plotted as log Vo/V against time, where Vo is the original concentration and V the concentration at any time t. This enables all the inactivation curves to be given a common

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“…Record to whom we are much indebted. One batch of freeze-dried irradiated vaccine was used for all the tests on human volunteers; during the experiments it was repeatedly tested for its immunogenicity in groups of five rabbits both by challenge with living virus and by titration of circulating antibody (Collier et al 1955). The results were uniformly satisfactory.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The elimination of bacterial contaminants, irradiation of the suspensions and subsequent tests for inactivation of the virus were done by the methods described previously (Collier et al 1955). The test for inactivation of virus was more rigorous, however; 200 ml.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A note on the immunogenicity of ultra-violet irradiated vaccinia virus in man

Kaplan

McClean

Vallet

1962

J. Hyg.

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A preparation of vaccinia virus inactivated by ultra-violet irradiation under strictly controlled conditions, and shown to produce neutralizing antibody and resistance to challenge in rabbits, was active in only about half of 37 human volunteers. It was not, therefore, likely to be usefully immunogenic in man. In the largest single test, 15 of 25 men had unmodified primary skin reactions when challenged with living virus, although five of these had circulating antibody. On the other hand, only three of 10 men who responded to challenge with modified or negative reactions, had no circulating antibody.In man the presence of circulating antibody does not necessarily indicate resistance to infection in the skin, nor does skin immunity always indicate the presence of circulating antibody.

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The Antigenicity of Ultra-Violet Irradiated Vaccinia Virus

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

The immunogenicity of heat-inactivated vaccinia virus in rabbits

The immunogenicity of heat-inactivated vaccinia virus in rabbits

The Heat Inactivation of Vaccinia Virus

A note on the immunogenicity of ultra-violet irradiated vaccinia virus in man

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