The antimicrobial agents triclocarban and triclosan as potent modulators of reproduction inPotamopyrgus antipodarum(Mollusca: Hydrobiidae)

Abstract

In this study, we assessed the chronic effects of the two antimicrobial substances triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) on reproduction of a mollusk species by using the reproduction test with the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Snails coming from a laboratory culture were exposed for 28 days to nominal concentrations ranging from 0.1 up to 10 µg/L for both chemicals (measured 0.082-8.85 µg TCC/L; 0.068-6.26 µg TCS/L). At the end of the experiment, snails were dissected and embryos in the brood pouch were counted to assess the individualized reproductive success of adult snails. Exposure to TCC resulted in an inverted u-shaped concentration-response relationship, with a stimulation of reproduction at low concentrations followed by an inhibition at higher concentrations. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) were 0.082 and 0.287 µg/L, respectively. TCS caused significantly increased embryo numbers at all tested concentrations, except in the group of 0.170 µg/L. Therefore, the NOEC for TCS was 0.170 µg/L and the LOEC was 0.660 µg/L. These results indicate that TCC and TCS may cause reproductive effects at environmentally relevant concentrations indicating a potential risk for aquatic organisms in the environment.

Development and validation of an OECD reproductive toxicity test guideline with the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

“…The snails in the water control group in this test were not negatively affected. The mean embryo numbers in water and solvent controls only varied slightly between laboratories and were in a range of natural variability in laboratory cultures (Geiß et al, 2016;Sieratowicz et al, 2011).…”

“…As an inhabitant of freshwater environments it lives in the upper layers of aquatic sediments of streams, lakes and estuaries (Winterbourn, 1970). In the past years its sensitivity towards pollutants and endocrine disrupting chemicals has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and in the field (Geiß et al, 2016;Giudice and Young, 2010;Gust et al, 2011a;Ruppert et al, 2016;Schmitt et al, 2008;Sieratowicz et al, 2011). In an overview portrait, Duft et al (2007) compared three prosobranch snail species, Marisa cornuarietis, Nassarius reticulatus and P. antipodarum, with regard to their (1) sensitivity towards tested model compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations in laboratory tests and also towards field sediment samples, (2) their "user-friendliness", (3) the possibility of culturing the snails in the laboratory and (4) their fields of application (e.g.…”

Radiocarbon Tracers in Toxicology and Medicine: Recent Advances in Technology and Science

“…Triclocarban is an antimicrobial found in many personal care products (i.e., deodorants, soaps) and is among the top 10 most commonly detected wastewater contaminants [71,72]. Given its prevalence in the environment, bioaccumulation of TCC has been observed and reproductive effects have been noted as a result from exposure [73]. Exposure to compounds, such as TCC, during development may have deleterious consequences to the developing embryo and fetus, given their heightened sensitivity to perturbations in hormone levels and immature protective mechanisms (i.e., liver metabolism, DNA repair mechanisms).…”

Validation of the OECD reproduction test guideline with the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum using trenbolone and prochloraz

“…One of the proposed species was the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. This species is known to be sensitive to a wide range of chemicals identified as EDCs in vertebrates and also to reproductive toxicants such as cadmium (Geiß et al 2016;Gust et al 2010;Jobling et al 2003;Ruppert et al 2016a;Sieratowicz et al 2011).…”