The Antiviral Effect of High-Molecular Weight Poly-Gamma-Glutamate against Newcastle Disease Virus on Murine Macrophage Cells

Abstract

This study demonstrates the capacity of HM-γ-PGA treatment to significantly protect murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7 cells) against NDV infection. Such protection can be explained by the induction of antiviral state of HM-γ-PGA in RAW 264.7 cells via TLR4-mediated IRF-3, IRF-7, IFN-β, and IFN-related gene induction as shown in time-dependent changes in mRNA expression confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, the present research also showed that HM-γ-PGA can induce proinflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW 264.7 as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Therefore, our findings suggest that HM-γ-PGA can be a potential antiviral substance that can inhibit NDV infection through its stimulation of antiviral state on RAW 264.7 cells. These results have been consistent with the previous studies showing that HM-γ-PGA can protect RAW 264.7 cells and mice against influenza infection. However, it should be noted that although murine macrophage cells are susceptible to NDV, they are not the natural host cells of the virus; thus further in vivo and in vitro studies involving chicken and chicken immune cells are needed to fully assess the efficacy and applicability of HM-γ-PGA in the poultry industry.

Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinones conjugated ibuprofen, indole acetamide, or thioacetohydrazide as selective COX-2 inhibitors: anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer activities

“…HT29 and HCT116 cells were cultured in McCoy's 5 A medium (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) containing 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (HI-FBS) (Gibco, USA), 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen, USA), and 100 mg/ml penicillin (Invitrogen, USA) 40 . HCA7 and RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's minimal essential media (DMEM, Invitrogen) containing 10% HI-FBS, sodium pyruvate (1 mM), penicillin (100 mg/mL), and streptomycin (100 mg/m) 41 , 42 .…”

Functional foods with antiviral activity

“…In addition, oral administration of γ-PGA in a mouse model increased the production of IFN-β levels in the serum without any noticeable effect on other inflammatory cytokines, whereas it reduced norovirus loads in the ileum. Other studies have also shown that high molecular weight γ-PGA has been reported to have antiviral function against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (Talactac et al, 2014 ). High molecular weight γ-PGA inhibited NDV replication and decreased apoptosis mediated by virus infection in RAW264.7 cells.…”

Effects of high molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid on PIGS with porcine preproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection

“…chungkookjang was prepared and provided by BioLeaders Corporation (Daejeon, Korea) in 0.85% sterile NaCl solution, as described in previous studies [3,7,9]. Briefl y, the culture broth of B. subtilis subsp.…”

“…Previous studies have also demonstrated that HM-γ-PGA had antiviral activity. HM-γ-PGA exerts signifi cant antiviral activity that can inhibit Newcastle disease virus infection by stimulating an antiviral state on RAW 264.7 cells [9]. Additionally, previous studies have shown that treatment with infl uenza inhibitors (polyvalent sialidase inhibitors) on the γ-PGA backbone may have antiviral activity against Infl uenza A virus [10].…”