The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor DRNL Modulates Gynoecium Development and Affects Its Response to Cytokinin

Durán-Medina, Yolanda; Serwatowska, Joanna; Reyes-Olalde, J. Irepan; Folter, Stefan de; Marsch-Martínez, Nayelli

doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01841

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Indeed, the arr1/10/12 mutant carries fewer ovules, has defects in septum fusion and shows a reduction in transmitting tract tissues [30]. By contrast, plants with increased cytokinin levels show over-proliferation of the medial tissues [29][30][31]. The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) is expressed in these tissues [30,32] and loss-of-function phenocopies the arr1/10/12 mutant.…”

Section: Flower Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin – A Developing Story

Wybouw

Rybel

2019

Trends in Plant Science

184

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In the past decade, tremendous advance has been made in understanding the biosynthesis, perception and signaling pathways of the plant hormone cytokinin. It also became clear that interfering with any of these steps greatly impacts all stages of growth and development. This has spurted renewed effort recently to understand how cytokinin signaling affects developmental processes. As a result, new insights on the role of cytokinin signaling and the downstream targets during e.g. shoot apical meristem, flower, female gametophyte, stomata and vascular development are being unraveled. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of recent findings on how cytokinin influences growth and development in plants and highlight areas for future research. 2 Cytokinins: from signaling to development Cytokinins, a class of phytohormones with diverse molecular structures [1], were first discovered in the late 1950's while looking for the molecule responsible for the growthpromoting activity of autoclaved herring sperm DNA [2]. Since then, the signaling pathway of cytokinins has been intensely studied. In our current understanding, cytokinins are synthesized by the ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE (IPT) and LONELY GUY (LOG) enzymes, whereas cytokinin conjugation act mainly through CYTOKININ OXIDASE (CKX) enzymes.Cytokinins are next perceived by the ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2-4 (AHK2-4) receptors which initiates a phosphorylation signaling cascade. This phospho-relay starts with auto-phosphorylation of the receptors and will ultimately lead to phosphorylation and activation of B-type ARABIDOPSIS REPSONSE REGULATORS (ARRs) through the ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PROTEINS (AHPs). The active ARRs will then induce cytokinin responsive genes, such as those encoding the cytokinin signaling repressors A-type ARRs or CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTORS (CRFs). For detailed information on the biosynthesis, transport, perception and signaling cascades of cytokinins, we refer to several excellent recent reviews [1,[3][4][5]. With the now well studied aspect of cytokinin signaling, the next step is to understand how these processes impinge on plant growth and development. Over the past few years, an increasing number of studies highlight the importance of cytokinins during many developmental processes. In this review, we discuss how these insights aid in understanding how cytokinins controls development at a molecular level. Shoot developmentAlready in the early years of cytokinin research, it was clear that these molecules have a big influence on plant growth, especially together with auxin [6,7]. Plants grown on high levels of auxin and cytokinin massively proliferate and dedifferentiate leading to callus (see Glossary).Growing callus on high cytokinin levels induces shoot regeneration [6]. Based on these classical experiments, cytokinins are considered the main class of hormones involved in shoot development. Cytokinin controls shoot cell fateCytokinin signaling was shown to be vital in the context of shoot apical meristem (SAM; see Glossary) develo...

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Section: Flower Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin – A Developing Story

Wybouw

Rybel

2019

Trends in Plant Science

184

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“…This gene regulates organ development. Phenotypes in the embryo, cotyledons, general plant size and flower organs of gain- and loss-of-function mutants, and regenerating roots in overexpression lines have been extensively studied ( Ikeda et al, 2006 ; Marsch-Martinez et al, 2006 ; Ward et al, 2006 ; Chandler et al, 2007 ; Nag et al, 2007 ; Chandler and Werr, 2017 ; Durán-Medina et al, 2017 ). However, we noticed previously uncharacterized phenotypes, particularly in the cauline leaves of the drnl-2 loss-of-function allele.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-destructive Plant Morphometric and Color Analyses Using an Optoelectronic 3D Color Microscope

et al. 2018

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Gene function discovery in plants, as other plant science quests, is aided by tools that image, document, and measure plant phenotypes. Tools that acquire images of plant organs and tissues at the microscopic level have evolved from qualitative documentation tools, to advanced tools where software-assisted analysis of images extracts quantitative information that allows statistical analyses. They are useful to perform morphometric studies that describe plant physical characteristics and quantify phenotypes, aiding gene function discovery. In parallel, non-destructive, versatile, robust, and user friendly technologies have also been developed for surface topography analysis and quality control in the industrial manufacture sector, such as optoelectronic three-dimensional (3D) color microscopes. These microscopes combine optical lenses, electronic image sensors, motorized stages, graphics engines, and user friendly software to allow the visualization and inspection of objects of diverse sizes and shapes from different angles. This allow the integration of different automatically obtained images along the Z axis of an object, into a single image with a large depth-of-field, or a 3D model in color. In this work, we explored the performance of an optoelectronic microscope to study plant morphological phenotypes and plant surfaces in different model species. Furthermore, as a “proof-of-concept,” we included the phenotypic characterization (morphometric analyses at the organ level, color, and cell size measurements) of Arabidopsis mutant leaves. We found that the microscope tested is a suitable, practical, and fast tool to routinely and precisely analyze different plant organs and tissues, producing both high-quality, sharp color images and morphometric and color data in real time. It is fully compatible with live plant tissues (no sample preparation is required) and does not require special conditions, high maintenance, nor complex training. Therefore, though barely reported in plant scientific studies, optoelectronic microscopes should emerge as convenient and useful tools for phenotypic characterization in plant sciences.

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“…DRNL is expressed at later stages of gynoecium development in lateral regions that initiate the ovary valves. Loss of DRNL function affects gynoecium apical–basal polarity and a large proportion of drnl-2 gynoecia do not develop fruits (Durán-Medina et al 2017 ). The striped clonal GUS sectors along the gynoecium (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clonal sector analysis and cell ablation confirm a function for DORNROESCHEN-LIKE in founder cells and the vasculature in Arabidopsis

Glowa

Comelli

Chandler

et al. 2021

Planta

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Main conclusion Inducible lineage analysis and cell ablation via conditional toxin expression in cells expressing the DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE transcription factor represent an effective and complementary adjunct to conventional methods of functional gene analysis. Abstract Classical methods of functional gene analysis via mutational and expression studies possess inherent limitations, and therefore, the function of a large proportion of transcription factors remains unknown. We have employed two complementary, indirect methods to obtain functional information for the AP2/ERF transcription factor DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE (DRNL), which is dynamically expressed in flowers and marks lateral organ founder cells. An inducible, two-component Cre–Lox system was used to express beta-glucuronidase GUS in cells expressing DRNL, to perform a sector analysis that reveals lineages of cells that transiently expressed DRNL throughout plant development. In a complementary approach, an inducible system was used to ablate cells expressing DRNL using diphtheria toxin A chain, to visualise the phenotypic consequences. These complementary analyses demonstrate that DRNL functionally marks founder cells of leaves and floral organs. Clonal sectors also included the vasculature of the leaves and petals, implicating a previously unidentified role for DRNL in provasculature development, which was confirmed in cotyledons by closer analysis of drnl mutants. Our findings demonstrate that inducible gene-specific lineage analysis and cell ablation via conditional toxin expression represent an effective and informative adjunct to conventional methods of functional gene analysis.

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The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor DRNL Modulates Gynoecium Development and Affects Its Response to Cytokinin

Cited by 29 publications

References 61 publications

Cytokinin – A Developing Story

Cytokinin – A Developing Story

Non-destructive Plant Morphometric and Color Analyses Using an Optoelectronic 3D Color Microscope

Clonal sector analysis and cell ablation confirm a function for DORNROESCHEN-LIKE in founder cells and the vasculature in Arabidopsis

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