The Appearance of Foramen in the Internal Aspect of the Mental Region of Mandible from Japanese Cadavers and Dry Skulls Under Macroscopic Observation and Three-dimensional CT Images

Abstract

Summary: The lingual canal with foramen displays different appearances on the internal surfaces of mandible as confirmed by macroscopic observation and computerized tomography (CT). The lingual canal was observed in the inside of mental region run to the outside of lingual foramen, which is extend internally from mandibular canal in right and left sides of the mandible in cadavers (13 sides out of 88 sides) and in dry skulls (43 out of 94 sides) examined. The spinal foramen connected with mental canal occurred at the midline of mandible in 6 cases (6 out of 47 cases) in dry skulls. In this small foramen, the inferior alveolar artery give some branches to the inside of mental region at the anterior mandible and which may be run pass through the lingual canal to the lingual foramen, where they emerge to enter the mylohyoid or anterior belly of digastric muscles. The observations of these are important considerations for surgical placement of dental implants in the region in the mandible.The anatomical location, course and arrangement of branches of the incisive artery and nerve should be given more attention for dental implantology. A supplementary branch of the mylohyoid nerve entered the mandible through accessory foramina in the lingual side of the mandibular symphysis in 50% of the cases7). This was also confirmed by studies using dry skulls11) and CT imaging5). Numerous reported have described accessory mandibular foramens1,8,11,12). However, there are considerable confusions for variability in distribution, incidence, size, and contents of the accessory lingual foramina. Appearance of lingual foramen and course of lingual canal between cadaver and dry skull has not been identified by dental CT and anatomical observation. Although CT observation has been made on various incisive branches at the anterior mandible, more detailed information is needed on the lingual foramen which contain lingual branch connected with arty and nerve, they use to traverse the mandible for purposes of dental treatments. In this study we identified the appearance of lingual and spinal foramen and course of lingual canal at the mental region of human mandible using CT from cadavers and dry skulls. This study focused on the anatomic peculiarities of the anterior mandible and implant related with clinical implications. Materials and MethodsA total of 91 mandibles were used from adult Japanese cadavers (44 cases: 24 males; 20 females from The Donation for Human Dissection) and adult Japanese dry skulls (47 cases: 36 males; 11 females from a collection at Nippon Dental University) for this study. Three-dimensional images of the mandible were obtained from reconstruction of CT images using a CT apparatus (Toshiba Medical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, 120 kV; 50 mA; slice, 1 mm; table speed, 0.75 sec/mm). CT examination 83Correspondence to: Iwao Sato, Ph.D

Classification of the lingual foramina and their bony canals in the median region of the mandible: cone beam computed tomography observations of dry Japanese mandibles

“…[9][10][11][12] The sublingual and submental arteries are located in the fl oor of the mouth 17,18 and enter the mandible through these foramina. 6,10,11,[13][14][15][16] In this study, we examined the frequency and location of the lingual foramina near the midline (MLF, medial lingual foramen) and the angulation of their bony canals (MLC, medial lingual canal) on cone beam CT (CBCT) images of dry Japanese mandibles. In addition, cadavers were dissected to identify the branches of the arteries that entered the medial region of the mandible through the lingual foramina.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The mental spine is in the medial region of the lingual surface of the mandible and is surrounded by foramina connected by intraosseous canals. Various imaging and macroscopic studies have been conducted on the morphology of the lingual foramina of the mandible, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] in part because of the increased diagnostic information gained using imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT). Using CT, lingual foramina can be seen in the midline or canine/premolar regions of almost all mandibles.…”

The Presence of Lingual Foramina and Canals on CBCT on Patients over 18 Years of Age

“…Preoperative exams of the vital structures are essential for the safe installation of implants in the area between foramina, as well as planning for invasive procedures in this area. On the contrary, the diameter, shape and location of the lingual foramina and its canals must be investigated case by case since it varies between individuals (Yoshida et al 2005;Rosano et al;Miller et al) …”

Mandi̇bular Medi̇al Li̇ngual, Lateral Li̇ngual Ve Bukkal Foramenleri̇n Ci̇nsi̇yete Bağli Sikliği

“…In the literature, there are many studies regarding location, distribution, and diameter of accessory foramina 2,[15][16][17][18] . A number of studies have reported that accessory foramina are located with highest incidence rate on the internal aspect of the mandible 2,5,10 , than on its external one.…”