The applicability and utility of immunohistochemical biomarkers in bladder pathology

Prognostic Value of an Immunohistochemical Signature in Patients with Bladder Cancer Undergoing Radical Cystectomy

“…The IHC analysis of biomarker expression is complementary to the evaluation of tumor morphology and important in the accurate diagnosis of BC. [8] The markers that constitute the diagnostic signature have a varied range of ascribed functions. [4,18] Growing evidence shows that the diagnostic IHC markers can also identify patients at high risk of progression after surgery and improve the disease management of patients in various cancer types.…”

“…Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is currently the most widely used pathological technique in the accurate diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasms. [8] IHC analysis is routinely applied to determine the expression of speci c BC-associated molecules involved in several biological pathways. The representative markers comprise oncogenes (HER2, EGFR, VEGF, and CyclinD1), tumor proliferation markers (BAX, BCL2, and Ki67), multidrug resistance (MDR) gene, tumor suppressor genes (p53 and p27), and enzymes (GSTπ and TOPOII).…”

Urothelial carcinoma: variant histology, molecular subtyping, and immunophenotyping significant for treatment outcomes

“…Both tumour types may be positive for p63, CK5/6, and CK7, usually positive for high molecular weight keratin, and partially positive for urothelial markers such as S100P, GATA3, and uroplakin II. 30,31 In addition, they may also be positive for squamous cell associated markers such as CK14 and desmoglein-3, 32,33 but are negative for CK20 and uroplakin III. 31,34 UC-GD is morphologically defined by areas of carcinoma that have the appearance of gland forming adenocarcinoma (Fig.1B).…”

“…30,31 In addition, they may also be positive for squamous cell associated markers such as CK14 and desmoglein-3, 32,33 but are negative for CK20 and uroplakin III. 31,34 UC-GD is morphologically defined by areas of carcinoma that have the appearance of gland forming adenocarcinoma (Fig.1B). 1 Similar to UC-SD, adenocarcinoma is diagnosed only when the entire tumour shows glandular differentiation, whereas those consisting of an admixture of UC and gland forming carcinoma are considered UC-GD.…”

The expanding molecular and mutational landscape of nested variant of urothelial carcinoma

“…One such widely recognised classification system stratifies urothelial cancers into basal and luminal subtypes. Conversely, the molecular subtypes can be similarly grouped by their immunohistochemical profile: FOXA1, GATA3, CK20, CK18 and uroplakin expression in the luminal subtype and p63, CK5/6, CK14 and EGFR in the basal subtype . With regard to NVUC, Weyerer et al describe a greater tendency for these tumours to express luminal markers far more frequently than basal markers, and consequently categorise NVUC under the luminal subtype …”