The application of a least squares adjustment program to underwater survey

An assessment of quality in underwater archaeological surveys using tape measurements

“…Precision of a position is determined by assessing the standard deviations of measurements used to calculate that position and computing their propagation through a best-fit process. The standard best-fit process is called least squares: this gives the most desirable result (the one with the highest precision) and is very simple (Cross, 2002;Uren & Price, 1985;Atkinson et al, 1988;Bannister et QZ. , 1994).…”

An assessment of quality in underwater archaeological surveys using tape measurements

“…The standard best-fit process is called least squares: this gives the most desirable result (the one with the highest precision) and is very simple (Cross, 2002;Uren & Price, 1985;Atkinson et al, 1988;Bannister et QZ. , 1994).…”

Evaluation of underwater surveying techniques

“…In the inter-point measuring system, where the measurements are made without control points, there is the problem that, as the number of points increases, the number of measurements rapidly become unmanageable (Table 1 illustrates the problem). Duncan in Atkinson et al (1988) suggested that in these types of calculation (least squares) it is more useful to measure the absolute minimum necessary to define the station coordinates. If only the minimum necessary number of distances has been measured, the procedure will still be able to calculate the coordinates.…”

“…R ecent underwater surveys using standard tape trilateration, photogrammetric techniques using PhotoModeler (Green et al, 2002;Holt, 2003, this volume) and an acoustic system High Precision Acoustic Survey System (HPASS) (Green et al, 1999;Green & Souter, 2002) have raised questions about the efficiency, relative merits and accuracy of the various methods. As a result of discussions with Peter Holt on issues relating to archaeological site survey and the evaluation of accuracy it was decided to publish our conclusions concurrently.…”