The application of activated carbon for the treatment and reuse of the aqueous phase derived from the hydrothermal liquefaction of a halophytic Tetraselmis sp.

Erkelens, Mason; Ball, Andrew S.; Lewis, David M.

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.129

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This issue can be considered a bottleneck for the wide application of HTL processes in the future. Several technologies have been investigated for the valorization of HTL-WW, such as anaerobic digestion, adsorption (of phenolics and nitrogenous compounds) on activated carbon and hydrothermal gasification (HTG) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. However, these techniques face limitations, such as the toxicity of HTL-WW to anaerobic compounds such as phenols, which originates from highly concentrated inhibitory compounds, the blockage of adsorbent media in activated carbon by particulates, as well as the high temperature, pressure and cost of the catalysts used in CHG [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Hydrothermal-Liquefaction Wastewater with Crossflow UF for Oil and Particle Removal

et al. 2022

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This study aims to evaluate the application of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes in the crossflow mode for the separation of particles and oil in water emulsions (free oil droplets and micelles) from hydrothermal-liquefaction wastewater (HTL-WW) from the hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge. The experiments were carried out using one-channel TiO2 membranes with pore sizes of 30, 10 and 5 nm. The results showed that the highest stable permeability could be achieved with a membrane-pore size of 10 nm, which experienced less fouling, especially through pore blockage, in comparison to the two other pore sizes. Instead of observing an increase in the permeability, the application of a higher feed temperature as well as backwash cycles led to a clear increase in irreversible fouling due to the presence of surfactants in the HTL-WW. Among several physical and chemical cleaning methods, alkaline cleaning at pH 12 proved to be the most efficient in removing fouling and maintaining stable performance on a long-term basis. Ceramic-membrane ultrafiltration can be considered as an adequate first-stage treatment of real HTL wastewater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Hydrothermal-Liquefaction Wastewater with Crossflow UF for Oil and Particle Removal

et al. 2022

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“…While these properties are not suitable for biofuels, it is clever to produce biofuels with the same properties as conventional fuels and also confirm the minimal emission of engines. It is important to carry out a standard crude oil refining process of the bio-crude before being utilized for blending commercial uses [136,137].…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on bio-crude production from algal biomass using catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction process

Venkatachalam¹,

Sekar²,

Ravichandran³

et al. 2022

Environmental Engineering Research

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The rising demand for cleaner energy among the nations has turned the focus from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewables like biomass, solar, wind, etc. Biomass conversion to fuel has increased research in recent times due to its ease and availability throughout the year. Hydrothermal liquefaction is the process where biomass converts to a liquid product via complex reaction mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the hydrothermal liquefaction of algal biomass and the improvements in the bio-crude yield using heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts. Many references have been reviewed to provide the sources for the process and have been critically well structured. This review also provided information regarding the reaction pathway for algal biomass and the effects of process parameters like temperature, residence time, pH, etc. The focus of the review is on the effects of various catalysts based on their dosage whose results collected from various sources have been tabulated. The review briefly discusses the applications of products formed during hydrothermal liquefaction after post-processing.

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“…Previously, Erkelens et al utilized the aqueous phase for the cultivation of the microalgae after the treatment with AC and experienced a drastic reduction in TN and TOC, from 52 g/L to 5 g/L and from 19 g/L to 13 g/L, respectively [30]. The comparison of present findings with the results of Erkelens et al [30] can not be justified, because there are many factors that can contribute in improving the adsorbability of the AC onto organics, such as surface area, pore-size distribution, pore-volume, and presence of surface functional groups. Smaller particle size increases the surface area and expands the pore volume of AC, as of these features provide a higher degree of adsorbability [41].…”

Section: Effect Of the Ac Treatment On Tn And Tocmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some studies in which different pretreatment agents were used for the aqueous phase treatment. C The treated HTL aqueous phase affected both the growth and chemical composition of the microalgae [30]. Shanmugam et al also treated the aqueous phase from microalgae with 30% granular AC and experienced a significant reduction of 53% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and higher CH 4 production (84% mL/g COD) [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Crude Production through Recycling of Pretreated Aqueous Phase via Activated Carbon

et al. 2021

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The management and optimization of the aqueous phase are the major challenges that hinder the promotion of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology on a commercial scale. Recently, many studies reported about the accumulation of the N-content in the bio-crude with continuous recycling of the aqueous phase from high protein-containing biomass. In the present study, sewage sludge was processed at 350 °C in an autoclave. The produced aqueous phase was treated with activated carbon, and its subsequent recycling effect on the properties of the bio-crude and aqueous phase was investigated. By contacting the aqueous phase with activated carbon, 38–43% of the total nitrogen was removed from the aqueous phase. After applying the treated aqueous phase recycling, the energy recovery of the bio-crude increased from 50 to 61% after three rounds of recycling. From overall carbon/nitrogen recoveries, 50 to 56% of the carbon was transferred to the bio-crude phase and more than 50% of the nitrogen remained in the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase contained mostly of N&O-heterocyclic compounds, small chain organic acids, and amides. ICP-AES analysis showed that more than 80% of the inorganic elements were concentrated into the solid phase.

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The application of activated carbon for the treatment and reuse of the aqueous phase derived from the hydrothermal liquefaction of a halophytic Tetraselmis sp.

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Treatment of Hydrothermal-Liquefaction Wastewater with Crossflow UF for Oil and Particle Removal

Treatment of Hydrothermal-Liquefaction Wastewater with Crossflow UF for Oil and Particle Removal

A review on bio-crude production from algal biomass using catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction process

Bio-Crude Production through Recycling of Pretreated Aqueous Phase via Activated Carbon

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