The application of an electrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex test in male dogs

Turan, Erkut; Bölükbaşı, Okan

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.12.010

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Based on the IFCC-CLSI recommendation, when the sample size is <120, a robust method after data transformation that is close to Gaussian or normal is preferable to establish the reference interval [ 23 ]. The reference intervals of EBCR onset latency of 13.85–27.44 ms in our study were similar to both male and female Beagles' EBCR latency reported in previous studies [ 12 , 13 ]. This study demonstrated that mongrel dogs have different genetics, but age and body weight nearly showed resembling EBCR onset latency.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…EBCR onset latency in our study that used propofol combined with dexmedetomidine was similar to that in a previous study that used ketamine combined with xylazine as standard anesthesia protocol in canine EBCR [ 12 , 13 ]. Empirically, propofol caused less suppression of the cortical somatosensory evoked potentials, and dexmedetomidine did not influence the nerve conduction velocity [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Contraction of the bulbocavernosus muscle is elicited by stimulating the urogenital region. A previous study on the EBCR in a canine model suggested that the EBCR test has the potential to become a diagnostic tool for the sacral reflex in small animals [ 12 , 13 ]. The mean latency and standard deviation of EBCR in male and female Beagles were 24.42 ± 1.09 (range from 17.6 to 28.8) and 22.26 ± 1.92 (range from 18.99 to 25.69) milliseconds (ms), respectively [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study on the EBCR in a canine model suggested that the EBCR test has the potential to become a diagnostic tool for the sacral refex in small animals [12,13]. Te mean latency and standard deviation of EBCR in male and female Beagles were 24.42 ± 1.09 (range from 17.6 to 28.8) and 22.26 ± 1.92 (range from 18.99 to 25.69) milliseconds (ms), respectively [12,13]. Some studies in the past have reported the efects of sex hormones on neuromuscular function [14][15][16][17]; thus, this is possibly the frst study of EBCR in spayed female canines, owing to which estrous cycle was not afected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyography of the External Anal Sphincter during Micturition and Electrophysiological Bulbocavernosus Reflex in Healthy Spayed Female Canines

Mongkolrat

Akatvipat

Saenubol

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine International

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This study aimed to find methods and interferences and illustrate the pattern of external anal sphincter (EAS) electromyography (EMG) during micturition and to determine reference intervals of electrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex (EBCR) by using robust statistical methods in healthy spayed female canines. Ten healthy spayed female canines (no breed restriction) with a body weight of 11.3–18 kg were enrolled. EAS EMG during micturition and the EBCR test were performed under light general anesthesia. Altogether 25 out of 34 EAS EMG showed a similar pattern, including low-amplitude high-frequency bursting pattern before voiding, medium- or high-amplitude low-frequency bursting pattern at the beginning of voiding, oscillate medium- and/or high-amplitude low-frequency bursting with a low-amplitude high-frequency bursting pattern during voiding, and high-amplitude high-frequency bursting pattern at the end of voiding. An average of 100 consecutive stimulations of EBCR for one cycle were performed in each dog and another cycle was repeated to ensure reproducibility. The lower and upper limits of the reference interval of EBCR onset latency values and EBCR mean amplitude values were calculated using both standard and robust methods with untransformed and transformed Box-Cox data. The EBCR onset latency was between 13.85 and 27.44 milliseconds, whereas the EBCR mean baseline to peak amplitude was not transformed with Box-Cox transformation. All EBCR compound muscle action potentials started with a negative sharp wave, which tapers from the baseline in the upward direction, showing an upturned bell-shaped curve. In conclusion, this study was possibly the first to examine the method and provide the electrographic pattern of EAS EMG during micturition and reference intervals of EBCR onset latency in spayed female dogs, which may serve as baseline information to help veterinarians differentiate healthy from diseased dogs. Further studies should compare normal dogs and dogs with lower urinary tract abnormalities at different lesion locations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electromyography of the External Anal Sphincter during Micturition and Electrophysiological Bulbocavernosus Reflex in Healthy Spayed Female Canines

Mongkolrat

Akatvipat

Saenubol

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine International

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Electrical stimulation of lumbar spinal nerve roots in dogs

et al. 2014

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The aim of this study was to test the applicability of electrical stimulation of lumbar spinal nerve roots and obtain normative electrical root stimulation (ERS) data for L7 nerve root and sciatic nerve in dogs. For that purpose ERS and sciatic nerve stimulations were performed consecutively, in totally 40 healthy dogs. ERS was applied in the L7/S1 intervertebral space via monopolar needle electrodes. Muscle responses were recorded from the gastrocnemius muscles on the left and right hind limbs. Sciatic nerve stimulation was performed at the greater trochanter level on the left hind limb, with records obtained from the left gastrocnemius muscle. Mean root latencies of the left and right side were 5.22 ± 0.49 ms and 5.29 ± 0.53 ms, respectively. There was no significant difference in root latency between the right and left sides. The mean terminal latency was 3.82 ± 0.46 ms. The proximal motor nerve conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve was 63.15 ± 3.43 m/s. The results of this study show that ERS provides objective data about the integrity of lumbar spinal nerve roots by evaluating the entire population of motor fibres and total length of the motor axon in dogs. ERS can be considered a useful diagnostic method for confirmation of diagnoses of lumbosacral diseases.

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The elecrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex test in female dogs: Its technique and applicability

Turan

Ünsal

Yildirim

2008

Research in Veterinary Science

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The application of an electrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex test in male dogs

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Electromyography of the External Anal Sphincter during Micturition and Electrophysiological Bulbocavernosus Reflex in Healthy Spayed Female Canines

Electromyography of the External Anal Sphincter during Micturition and Electrophysiological Bulbocavernosus Reflex in Healthy Spayed Female Canines

Electrical stimulation of lumbar spinal nerve roots in dogs

The elecrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex test in female dogs: Its technique and applicability

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