The Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis

Abstract

Background. This literature review evaluates the mechanisms and efficacy of different types of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for treating peri-implantitis by reviewing existing experimental studies to provide guidance for the clinical application of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in oral implants. Materials and Methods. From February 2001 to February 2021, we have collected 152 randomized controlled trials of aPDT for peri-implantitis by searching the experimental studies and clinical trials published in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases via online search. After screening the retrieved literature, we finally selected 10 statistically significant literature for evaluation and review. Results. Compared with the traditional nonsurgical treatment of peri-implantitis, the aPDT was superior to the traditional mechanical irrigation treatment group in terms of periodontal indexes PD, BOP, PLI, and postoperative effect, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). Furthermore, the combination of the aPDT and other treatments shows the synergistic antibacterial effect, signifying better clinical effect in many aspects ( P < 0.05 ). In these 10 papers, by comparing the probe depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), synosteosis, and periodontal pathogenic bacteria detection, etc., obtained after treating peri-implantitis by application of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and using the SPSS data analysis software for statistical data processing, we found that the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with other periodontal treatments has a more prominent postoperative effect. Meanwhile, the antibacterial photodynamic therapy with targeted action of photosensitizer has strong specificity to some bacteria, while the synthetic photosensitize for antibacterial photodynamic therapy can show good inactivation effect on broad-spectrum periodontal anaerobes without side effect. Conclusion. The experimental studies and clinical data of antibacterial photodynamic therapy for treating peri-implantitis show a good postoperative treatment effect. In addition, it did not develop resistance due to the use of antibiotic drugs. Owing to multiple advantages from combining antibacterial photodynamic therapy and other treatments, it is applicable for clinical treatment.

Effect of Laser Irradiation Modes and Photosensitizer Types on Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) for Streptococcus sobrinus in the Crown Dentin of Bovine Teeth: An Experimental In Vitro Study

“…Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is known to eliminate bacterial infectious agents using reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by irradiating a photosensitizer (PS) with a light source, particularly laser, of the same excitation wavelength. In the field of dentistry, aPDT is currently being studied for use to treat periodontal diseases [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], endodontics [ 4 , 5 ], and peri-implantitis [ 3 , 6 , 7 ], as well as dental caries [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The mechanism of action of aPDT is that, when PS is excited by laser irradiation at a specific wavelength, it forms an excited triplet state, which transfers energy to oxygen molecules to form highly cytotoxic ROS such as hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen [ 11 ].…”

Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing data reveal aberrant DNA methylation in SMAD3 promoter region in tumor-associated fibroblasts affecting molecular mechanism of radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer

“…Consequently, an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underpinning radioresistance in NSCLC is imperative for devising effective therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes in this context [ 14 ]. Potential strategies include the development of novel radiosensitizers, targeted therapies, and combination treatment modalities to mitigate radioresistance and thereby enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy in NSCLC patients [ 15 ].…”

Riboflavin-Vancomycin Conjugate Enables Simultaneous Antibiotic Photo-Release and Photodynamic Killing against Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens

“…The high and localised toxicity of these shortlived species has been widely exploited for the treatment of cancer, [14] skin [15][16] and oral diseases. [17][18] However, applications for PDT have the potential to extend far beyond these, and are particularly attractive in the context of infection; especially when aimed towards topical infections amenable to light delivery such as those of the skin (wounds, burns, and diabetic foot ulcers), cornea, surgical sites, or the oral cavity, for which Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) remain clinical challenges.…”