The application of floating dies for high speed growth of CsI single crystals by edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG)

High speed growth of SrI2 scintillator crystals by the EFG process

“…A computational model of the edge-defined film-fed crystal growth method (EFG) was previously used to study the growth of cesium iodide (CsI), a similar scintillator crystal [8][9]. The model, which includes fluid flow, heat transfer, and gravitational effects, was solved numerically by the finite element method to predict crystal diameter as a function of growth rate and die geometry.…”

“…The difficulties associated with the deliquescent nature of SrI 2 led us initially to test the EFG method on a similar material, cesium iodide (CsI), a commercially available halide scintillator compound [8]. Using a controlled-atmosphere NRC bulk silicon crystal growth system, CsI boules 12-15 mm diameter and 8 cm in length were easily grown at rates up to 45 mm/h using floating graphite dies.…”

“…The use of graphite dies was not problem-free, however, and often led to the formation of bubble tracks propagating along the growth axis near the boule surface. This problem was eliminated when fused quartz dies were introduced [8].…”

Approaching the Theoretical Light Yield Limit in CsI (Tl) Scintillator Single Crystals by a Low-Temperature Solution Method

“…Halide scintillators were traditionally grown using melting methods in the industrial scale, mainly including Kyropoulos, − Bridgeman-Stockbarger method, Czochralski method, film-fed growth method and their modifications. , Other crystal-growing methods like edge-defined film-fed growth and the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method have also been thoroughly studied to improve the distribution of the doped ions in the crystals and the growth speed of the crystal. In addition, many efforts have also been devoted to lowering the production cost. − A relatively simple and cost-effective technique, the so-called skull-melting method, has been developed to grow large-block polycrystals with high optical transparency and optimal scintillation performance. The non-vacuum Bridgman method has been adopted to grown large-size CsI­(Tl) crystals showing a nonuniformity of light yield …”

Growth of SrTiO3bulk single crystals using edge-defined film-fed growth and the Czochralski methods

“…Our approach presented in this work was to grow crystals by the Czochralski and EFG methods to combine the high quality demands with a sufficient crystal size. Unlike the Czochralski method, for the EFG method fixed 25 or floating 26 dies are introduced into the crucible and growth is performed at the melt wetted surface of the dies. Not only rutile, 3,4 but also other materials 27 with low thermal conductivity and low infrared transmissivity were successfully grown with a cylindrical shape whereas the Czochralski method was less successful.…”