The application of flow cytometry to histocompatibility testing

The Complement System and Antibody-Mediated Transplant Rejection

“…The assay is not sensitive and is cumbersome to perform, however, and several other assays for DSA have subsequently been developed [the technical aspects of these assays have recently been reviewed (68)]. In 1983, flow cytometric crossmatching using recipient serum and donor lymphocytes was introduced as an alternative method (69), and flow cytometry has largely replaced the CDC crossmatch. In addition, methods to detect DSA reactive to specific donor antigens were developed in the mid-1990s (70).…”

Flow Cytometry as Platform for Biomarker Discovery and Clinical Validation

“…In solid organ transplantation, clinical applications of FC include pre-transplant cross-matching, HLA antibody screening, and post-transplantation antibody monitoring (Horsburgh et al 2000;Kirmizis et al 2012). FC has also become a useful tool to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effect of immunosuppressive therapy in order to determine the real biologic effect of specific drugs or drug combinations in the recipient.…”

Characteristics, Detection, and Clinical Relevance of Alloantibodies in Kidney Transplantation

“…Second, high concentrations of pre-existing IgG DSAs (positive CDC CM) are a risk factor for HAR. Over the course of the last decade, the implementation of various DS protocols (see below) for highly sensitized patients has resulted in successful kidney transplantation in patients with positive FCCMs that have been caused by DSAs; however, the graft outcome and survival times appear to depend on several parameters, e.g., the amount of DSAs that are producing a positive FCCM, their isotype, the cytokine profile of the recipient and others (Akalin & Bromberg, 2005;Bray 1994;Christiaans et al, 1998;Graff et al, 2009;Horsburgh et al, 2000;Lobashevsky et al, 2010;Martin et al, 2003;Mujtaba et al, 2010;Qasi et al, 2006;Scornik et al, 1997;Worthington et al, 2003;Zachary et al, 2005). It has recently been demonstrated that some DSAs that are detected by FC, but not by CDC (FC pos/CDC neg), are able to activate complement.…”