A combined aerodynamic and structural, gradient-based optimization has been performed on the NASA/Boeing Common Research Model civil transport aircraft configuration. The computation of aerodynamic performance parameters includes a Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes CFD solver, coupling to a linear static structural analysis using the finite element method to take into account aero-elastic effects. Aerodynamic performance gradients are computed using the adjoint approach. Within each optimization iteration, the wing's structure is sized via a gradient-based algorithm and an updated structure model is forwarded for the performance analysis. In this pilot study wing profile shape is optimized in order to study engine installation effects. This setting was able to improve the aerodynamic performance by 4%
I. IntroductionT he aircraft industry is continuously in the search for advanced designs that consume less fuel and produce less emissions. The Flightpath 2050 a provides a vision for Europe's aviation systems and industries by the year 2050. Concerning the environmental aspects, the vision expects a high reduction in CO 2 and NOx emission per passenger kilometer, in addition to a 65% reduction in noise emission of air vehicles -by 2050relative to those of the year 2000. On the other hand, the worldwide air traffic is predicted to grow by 4-5% per year, which makes the fulfillment of these expectations a highly challenging task.Aircraft optimization, which can be performed using numerical techniques, is an indispensable choice to face the Flightpath 2050 challenges and to increase the aircraft's efficiency. An optimization that incorporates more than one discipline is called a multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO). Employing MDO in aircraft design, yields realistic designs that fulfill the constraints of the engaged disciplines and reduces the development risks. Moreover, MDO reduces the design cycle of an aircraft. However, the complexity of the problem in MDO significantly increases when compared to single-disciplinary optimizations. Therefore, optimization algorithms that drive high-fidelity MDO need to be particularly efficient.There are mainly two types of optimization algorithms, depending on whether the gradients information is required throughout the optimization; gradient-free algorithms and gradient-based algorithms. In the former, only the objectives and constraints values are required by the end of a design (or optimization) iteration. In the latter, on the other hand, the values and the gradients of the objectives and the constraints are required throughout the search for the optimum. The extra expense of these algorithms pays off as efficiency; gradient-based algorithms can reach an optimum more efficiently than gradient-free algorithms, at least the nearest (potentially local) optimum.These characteristics of gradient-based algorithms make them good candidates for optimization problems that start from a good design and require some fine tuning. In this paper the wing of the Common Research