The Application of Remote Sensor Technology To Assist the Recovery of Rare and Endangered Species

Abstract

We describe a wireless sensor network designed for the long-term study of rare and endangered species of plants. We wish to monitor plants and their environment via high-resolution cameras and temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind, and solar radiation sensors. Our units must be “invisible” (camouflaged), very low energy, and must allow distributed local computation. Data rates are 1 to 100 bytes/second per node, but networks can be large — an early prototype had 60 nodes. Failures are expensive and we must exploit redundancy whenever possible. Nodes are stationary but for energy reasons may decline to participate in transmissions. We have designed two wireless routing protocols that satisfy these constraints. Multipath On-demand Routing (MOR) computes multiple optimal routes to avoid depleting the energy at any given node. Geometric Routing scales to large networks, relying on Geographic Routing when possible and on selected global information otherwise. We have simulated and are implementing both protocols.

Tier-Based Scalable and Secure Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks

“…Intermediate sensor nodes located in path i j forward in turn the packet RRES(j,i) according to the information in path i j field while simultaneously record the corresponding path information in their local routing tables. If path i j is S 1 →x→y→G 1 , for example, nodes S 1 , x and y then parse individual shortest path to G 1 as p(S 1 ,G 1 )=S 1 →x→y→G 1 , p(x,G 1 )=x→y→G 1 and p(y,G 1 )=y→G 1 respectively, in their corresponding local routing tables.…”

“…The flexibility, self-organization, low-cost and rapid deployment characteristics of sensor networks create many new and exciting application scenarios for which traditional wired and wireless networks are not suitable, such as road traffic management, medical treatment, battleground and environment monitoring [1]. As a result, recent years have witnessed the rapid development of wireless sensor technologies.…”

The HKUST Frog Pond – A Case Study of Sensory Data Analysis

“…Both GDI ([8] [11]) and PODS [2] deployed sensor networks in outdoor environments mainly for the purpose of system performance study. Specifically, GDI deployed a multi-tier sensor network for habit monitoring whereas PODS was deployed in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.…”

“…A number of sensor network projects have real-world deployment, including ALERT [1], GDI ( [8][11]), PODS [2], Surveillance and NIMS [6].…”

Hybrid Congestion Control Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…WSNs have a wide range of applications in object tracking [1], object localization [2], habitat observation [3,4], health monitoring [5], and battlefield sensing among others.…”