The application of selective leaching and complex anion exchange in a novel aqueous process to produce pure indium from waste liquid crystal display panels

Illés, István B.; Kékesi, Tamás

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.108420

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The use of hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 3.2 M allows for the obtainment of a leaching efficiency of 90% [23]. It is possible to obtain higher yields with lower concentrations of hydrochloric acid; however, at elevated temperatures a recovery efficiency of >90% can be achieved with 0.5 M HCl at 80 • C or 2 M HCl at 55 • C [39].…”

Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

Kluczka

2024

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Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two metals from waste is an important issue for two main reasons. First, gallium and indium are scattered in the Earth’s crust and their minerals are too rare to serve as a primary source. Second, e-waste contributes to the rapidly growing problem of Earth littering, as its amount increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement procedures that will enable the recovery of valuable elements from waste and limit the emission of harmful substances into the environment. This paper discusses technological operations and methods that are currently used or may be used to produce pure gallium and indium or their oxides from waste. The first step was described—waste pretreatment, including disassembly and sorting in several stages. Then, mechanical treatment as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical separations were discussed. The greatest emphasis was placed on the hydrometallurgical methods of gallium and indium recovery, to be more precise on the extraction and various sorption methods following the leaching stage. Methods of obtaining pure metals or metal oxides and their refining processes were also mentioned.

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Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

Kluczka

2024

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“…Ion exchange with resins. After the leaching of indium from waste liquid crystal displays with HCl solutions, the metal is recovered from the corresponding leachate with an anion exchange resin [ 11 ]. This resin is a strongly basic (with quaternary ammonium functional groups on polystyrene-DVB matrix) gel-type resin (Varion AD) in chloride form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids TOAH+Cl− and TODAH+Cl− as Carriers for Facilitated Transport of In(III) from HCl Solutions

López¹

2022

Membranes

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A study of indium(III) transport across an immobilized liquid membrane using the pseudo-protic ionic liquids TOAH+Cl− and TODAH+Cl− as carriers has been carried out using batch experiments. Metal transport is investigated as a function of different variables: hydrodynamic conditions in the feed (375–1500 min−1) and receiving (500–750 min−1) phases, HCl (0.5–7 M) and indium (0.01–0.2 g/L) concentrations in the feed phase and carrier (1.25–40% v/v) concentration in the membrane phase. Indium is conveniently recovered in the receiving phase, using a 0.1 M HCl solution. Models are reported describing the transport mechanism, which consists of a diffusion process through the feed aqueous diffusion layer, fast interfacial chemical reaction, and diffusion of the respective indium-pseudo-protic ionic liquid through the membrane. The equations describing the rate of transport are derived by correlating the membrane permeability coefficient to diffusional and equilibrium parameters as well as the chemical composition of the respective indium-pseudo-protic ionic liquid system, i.e., the carrier concentration in the membrane phase. The models allow us to estimate diffusional parameters associated with each of the systems; in addition, the minimum thickness of the feed boundary layer is calculated as 3.3 × 10−3 cm and 4.3 × 10−3 cm for the In-TOAH+Cl− and In-TODAH+Cl− systems, respectively.

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“…There have been a number of solvent extraction methods and reagents proposed to purify and enrich the solutions for indium [18,19]. Efficient purification can be carried out also by solid-state anion-exchange [20]. The method considered so far for recovering the metal has been the straightforward cementation with zinc or aluminium as reducing agents producing an indium sponge [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The choice of chloride electrolytes is naturally justified, however, if such solutions are used in the hydrometallurgical recovery of the metal. In view of the special possibility of applying efficient solution purification techniques implying the controlled formation of complex species, [29] chloride media may be thoroughly purified, thereby offering high-purity products [20]. However, the use of chloride media for indium electrodeposition has not been examined as yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative efficiency of electrowinning indium from chloride electrolytes

Illés

Kékesi

2022

J Appl Electrochem

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The main characteristics of electrolytic reduction applied to indium recovery from aqueous chloride solutions were considered theoretically and examined experimentally. Also other media were considered for comparison. Potentiodynamic examinations pointed out that chloride electrolytes are superior to sulphuric and nitric acid-based ones for efficient indium deposition. The optimum conditions, allowing higher than 90% cathodic current efficiencies, were determined by galvanostatic experiments. In contrast, similar sulphate electrolytes could only yield lower than 50% efficiencies because of a stronger hydrogen evolution. The galvanostatic results confirmed the findings of the potentiodynamic study. The cathodic polarisation curves revealed the major characteristics of the deposition process, implying a reduction of the electroactive In3+ ions. Coupled processes are the dynamic transformations of complex species and various rates of simultaneous hydrogen evolution. The structure and the elemental composition of the—relatively dense—cathodic deposits were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Various levelling agents were also tested, and gelatine (up to a concentration of 1 g/dm3 in the chloride electrolyte) was found efficient in grain refining. Graphical abstract

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The application of selective leaching and complex anion exchange in a novel aqueous process to produce pure indium from waste liquid crystal display panels

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

The Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids TOAH+Cl− and TODAH+Cl− as Carriers for Facilitated Transport of In(III) from HCl Solutions

The relative efficiency of electrowinning indium from chloride electrolytes

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