The appropriate antiparasitic treatment: Coping with emerging threats from old adversaries

Nielsen, Martin K.; Samson‐Himmelstjerna, Georg von; Reinemeyer, Craig R.; Molento, Marcelo Beltrão; Peregrine, Andrew S.; Hodgkinson, Jane E.; Jacobsen, Stine; Kaplan, Ray M.; Matthews, J. B.

doi:10.1111/evj.12550

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…However, a reliable diagnostic method for the differentiation of S. vulgaris from Cyathostominae is essential because of the significant pathology caused by the migration of S. vulgaris -larvae in the mesenteric arteries. Associated pathogenic effects like intestinal infarction, peritonitis, verminous arteritis, thrombosis and embolism can provoke symptoms such as colic, hind-leg lameness, neurological abnormalities and lesions in the heart, liver or kidney which might be lethal in the worst case [22–24] . …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture – method comparison and occurrence assessment

et al. 2016

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Background Strongylus vulgaris has become a rare parasite in Germany during the past 50 years due to the practice of frequent prophylactic anthelmintic therapy. To date, the emerging development of resistance in Cyathostominae and Parascaris spp. to numerous equine anthelmintics has changed deworming management and the frequency of anthelmintic usage. In this regard, reliable detection of parasitic infections, especially of the highly pathogenic S. vulgaris is essential. In the current study, two diagnostic methods for the detection of infections with S. vulgaris were compared and information on the occurrence of this parasite in German horses was gained. For this purpose, faecal samples of 501 horses were screened for S. vulgaris with real-time PCR and an additional larval culture was performed in samples of 278 horses. A subset of 26 horses underwent multiple follow-up examinations with both methods in order to evaluate both the persistence of S. vulgaris infections and the reproducibility of each diagnostic method.ResultsThe real-time PCR revealed S. vulgaris-DNA in ten of 501 investigated equine samples (1.9%). The larval culture demonstrated larvae of S. vulgaris in three of the 278 samples (1.1%). A direct comparison of the two methods was possible in 321 samples including 43 follow-up examinations with the result of 11 S. vulgaris-positive samples by real-time PCR and 4 S. vulgaris-positive samples by larval culture. The McNemar’s test (p-value = 0.016) revealed a significant difference and the kappa values (0.525) showed a moderate agreement between real-time PCR and larval culture.ConclusionsThe real-time PCR detected a significantly higher proportion of positives of S. vulgaris compared to larval culture and should thus be considered as a routine diagnostic method for the detection of S. vulgaris in equine samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture – method comparison and occurrence assessment

et al. 2016

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“…Furthermore, an ultrasound‐based screening strategy may not be cost‐efficient if ascarid impactions occur at rates <5%, depending on a number of other variables (Nielsen et al . , ). Nonetheless, transabdominal ultrasonography represents a useful clinical diagnostic tool as adult ascarids are highly echogenic and thus readily identifiable on the monitor screen.…”

Section: Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…; Nielsen et al . , ; Bellaw, J.L., Pagan, J., Cadell, S., Pethean, E., Donecker, J.M. and Nielsen, M.K., unpublished data).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The risk of small intestinal ascarid impactions in foals and young horses harbouring a large ascarid burden has created a need for identifying these individuals. Because egg counts cannot be used to estimate infection intensity, a transabdominal ultrasound technique was recently evaluated for monitoring ascarid burdens (Nielsen et al , 2016. While an ultrasonographic scoring system did support a semiquantitative interpretation of ascarids present in the small intestinal lumen of foals, the generated data were somewhat variable.…”

Section: Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have recently conducted investigations that documented that ascarid egg counts peak age around 4-5 months, after which counts declined to 0 by about 6 months Nielsen et al 2015Nielsen et al , 2016 Bellaw, J.L., Pagan, J., Cadell, S., Pethean, E., Donecker, J.M. and Nielsen, M.K., unpublished data).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence‐based considerations for control of Parascaris spp. infections in horses

Nielsen

2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Parascaris spp. infection is virtually ubiquitous in young foals and worm burdens can achieve high numbers. The most important disease manifestation is impaction of the small intestine, which occurs in a small proportion of infected foals but is associated with a guarded prognosis for survival. Control of Parascaris spp. is complicated by emerging resistance to currently available anthelmintic drug classes. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones has been reported worldwide and a few studies have also documented signs of resistance to pyrantel salts and benzimidazoles. Foals generally develop immunity to Parascaris spp. parasites around age 6 months, but a proportion of weanlings and yearlings can harbour smaller burdens at age 8–10 months. Older horses have occasionally been reported with substantial ascarid burdens as well. Qualitative detection of ascarid eggs has good diagnostic value whereas an actual egg count does not correlate well with the size of the worm burden. A recent investigation documented the applicability of a transabdominal ultrasound technique for semiquantitatively monitoring ascarid burdens in foals. Control of ascarids is complicated by the limited drug classes available for treating this parasite, and by the fact that foals are often concurrently infected with strongyles. In many cases, none of the 3 available anthelmintic classes are simultaneously effective against both parasite groups, so close monitoring is required to select the most appropriate anthelmintic in each case.

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Equine tapeworm (Anoplocephala spp.) infection: evaluation of saliva- and serum-based antibody detection methods and risk factor analysis in Slovak horse populations

Burcáková,

Königová,

Kuzmina

et al. 2023

Parasitol Res

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A lack of accurate information on the prevalence and distribution of Anoplocephala spp. infections on horse farms has led to insufficient attention to tapeworm control and increasing horse anoplocephaloses in Europe. Our study aimed to examine the occurrence of Anoplocephala spp. infection using coprological, serum- and saliva-based antibody detection methods and to analyze the risk factors associated with tapeworm infection in domestic horses in Slovakia. Fecal, serum, and saliva samples were collected from 427 horses from 31 farms in Slovakia. Additionally, a questionnaire study was conducted to collect information on tapeworm distribution on horse farms and analyze risk factors associated with infection. Fecal samples were examined by the mini-FLOTAC and the double centrifugation/combined sedimentation-flotation techniques. Serum and saliva samples were analyzed by ELISA to determine antibody levels against Anoplocephala spp. The effects of variables associated with an individual horse were tested for the positive result of the saliva ELISA test on Anoplocephala spp. Cestode eggs were detected in 1.99% of fecal samples (farm prevalence 12.90%), with no differences between the two coprological methods. Serum-based tapeworm ELISA results revealed that 39.39% of horses tested positive (farm prevalence 83.87%); while saliva-based tapeworm ELISA results revealed 56.95% positive horses (farm prevalence 96.77%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed four meaningful predictors that significantly impacted the likelihood of detecting tapeworm infection in horses: horse age, pasture size, anthelmintic treatment scheme, and access to pasture. The influences of other variables associated with an individual horse were not significantly associated with detecting tapeworm infection.

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The appropriate antiparasitic treatment: Coping with emerging threats from old adversaries

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture – method comparison and occurrence assessment

Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture – method comparison and occurrence assessment

Evidence‐based considerations for control of Parascaris spp. infections in horses

Equine tapeworm (Anoplocephala spp.) infection: evaluation of saliva- and serum-based antibody detection methods and risk factor analysis in Slovak horse populations

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