The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the “Unconquered” to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines

Acabado, Stephen

doi:10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…They only established a small garrison in Kiangan, which lies on the more accessible south-eastern fringes of the mountains, as late as 1793 ( Figure 1). The valley of Banaue, which nowadays serves as an accessible and increasingly urbanised centre for tourists visiting the various terrace clusters of Ifugao, was not visited by Europeans until 1868 (Acabado 2009;Phelan 1959;Acabado 2016;Scott 1982). Even as late as the Second World War (WWII), Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita chose the isolated valleys of Hungduan for his tenacious last stand; the area proved to be such an effective refuge in 1945 that it took weeks of fighting to flush him out.…”

Section: The Cordilleras As Non-state Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Heirloom rice in Ifugao: an ‘anti-commodity’ in the process of commodification

Glover¹,

Stone

2017

The Journal of Peasant Studies

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We analyse the marketing of 'heirloom rices' produced in the Cordillera mountains of northern Luzon, the Philippines, as the commodification of a historical 'anticommodity'. We contend that, historically, rice was produced for social, cultural and spiritual purposes but not primarily for sale or trade. The Ifugaos were able to sustain terraced wet-rice cultivation within a system of 'escape agriculture' because they were protected from Spanish interference by the friction of terrain and distance. 'Heirloom rice' is a boundary concept that enables social entrepreneurs to commodify traditional landraces. We analyse the implications for local rice production and conservation efforts.

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Section: The Cordilleras As Non-state Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Heirloom rice in Ifugao: an ‘anti-commodity’ in the process of commodification

Glover¹,

Stone

2017

The Journal of Peasant Studies

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“…The Spanish practice of reducción may, as in the Neotropics, have had impacts on how land-use was dispersed across the Philippines, though the overall application of this approach across the Archipelago seems to have been less in comparison to other regions of the pan-tropical empire (Acabado and Barretto-Tesoro, 2020;Barretto-Tesoro, 2015). Indeed, difficulty of extending control, even across Luzon, particularly between the 16th and early 19th centuries, is highlighted in the remaining independence of populations in the Cordillera and eastern Luzon (Acabado, 2015(Acabado, , 2017. In the case of the former, more intensive terracing also occurred, but primarily in response and resistance to Spanish imperial forces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago

et al. 2020

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The tropical forests of the Philippine Archipelago are some of the most threatened in the 21st century. Among the most prominent threats are the introduction of new plant and animal species, as well as new forms of land management (e.g. plantations), that have accompanied industrial expansion. Such threats have a potentially long-term history and prehistory in the Philippines, not just as a consequence of Spanish colonial administration and land-use changes from the 16th century, but also in the context of pre-colonial introductions of rice agriculture and domesticated animals. However, the impacts of such arrivals on local Philippine societies and ecologies have remained relatively unexplored, especially in comparison to contemporary exchanges between Europe and the Neotropics. Here, we evaluate archaeological and historical evidence for the integration of novel plants, animals and economic strategies into local Philippine cultures and economies from 4000 years ago to the 19th century AD. This includes material culture, archaeozoological and archaeobotanical analysis, as well as archival references to pre- and post-colonial urban settlements, the evolution of land management and rural settlements across the Archipelago. We argue that prehistoric land-use changes, as well as the colonial introduction of crops and domesticated animals, represent a potentially interesting contrast to other tropical regions that came under Spanish imperial control between the 15th and 19th centuries. Nevertheless, to determine the full extent of their impacts on social organisation and Philippine landscapes more detailed, long-term multidisciplinary investigation is required.

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“…Spanish cultural footprints in the province are scant, owing to the failure of the colonial power to establish a permanent presence in the region (Scott 1970(Scott , 1982. Nevertheless, major economic and political shifts in the highlands coincided with the arrival of the Spanish in the northern Philippines (Acabado 2016).…”

Section: The Cordillera Lands Of Wet-rice Terraced Pondfieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recent findings of the Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP) indicate that wet-rice varieties were introduced into the region after AD 1600 (Acabado 2009(Acabado , 2015(Acabado , 2016. Subsequent landscape modification (terraced wet-rice cultivation) also intensified between c. AD 1600 and AD 1800, suggesting increased demand for food, and a settlement pattern shift toward more densely populated villages.…”

Section: The Cordillera Lands Of Wet-rice Terraced Pondfieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sacred and the Secular: Practical Applications of Water Rituals in the Ifugao Agricultural System

Acabado¹,

Martin²

2016

TRaNS

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Water symbolisms permeate Ifugao religion, rituals, and oral tradition. Water plays a part in death, rebirth, and cleansing in Ifugao cosmology. As such, Ifugaos consider water as sacred. However, water is also central in Ifugao economy and politics. As a culture that highly values intensive wet-rice production in a mountain environment, managing access to water is necessary to maintain stability. Ifugao practices follow what Richard O'Connor described as the "agro-cultural complex" in which agricultural practices, social systems, and political, historical, and, cultural changes are understood as interlocking processes (O'Connor 1995). In this paper, we focus on the relationship between Ifugao water and agricultural rituals with the synchronizing and sequencing of agricultural activities. Using the concept of self-organization, we argue that water and agricultural rituals in Ifugao are not only meant to reinforce community cohesion, they also synchronize the farming activities crucial to a terraced ecology. Utilizing the practice of puntunaan (a ritual plot or parcel in the centre of an agricultural district) and the institution of tomona (the ritual leader of an agricultural district) as a case study, we observed that disruptions in the water and rice rituals stimulated great change in Ifugao sociopolitical organization.

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The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the “Unconquered” to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

Heirloom rice in Ifugao: an ‘anti-commodity’ in the process of commodification

Heirloom rice in Ifugao: an ‘anti-commodity’ in the process of commodification

Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago

The Sacred and the Secular: Practical Applications of Water Rituals in the Ifugao Agricultural System

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