The architecture and operating characteristics of a multi-frequency HF surface wave radar - part one

Fully digital multi‐frequency compact high‐frequency radar system for sea surface remote sensing

“…In general, there are two ways of implementing MF FMICW, frequency‐division MF (FDMF) and time‐division MF (TDMF). BAE Systems company [14] developed a FDMF radar based on multiple‐input multiple‐output architecture for aerial target detection and track. The transmitting and receiving employed the same antennas through duplexer technology, and four frequencies operating simultaneously were separated through four narrowband digital processing channels.…”

Multi‐frequency high frequency surface wave radar based on phase offset

“…MHFSWR has the advantage to avoid targets becoming obscured by the Bragg peaks by selecting the radar operating frequencies. In addition, the merits of MHFSWR include mitigation against the effects of co‐channel interference and target radar cross‐section fade and so on [12–16].…”

“…Now, most HFSWR system employs frequency modulated interrupted continuous wave (FMICW) as the transmit waveform for its good range resolution and high maximum range with a relatively high duty cycle [18–20]. For a FMICW MHFSWR working in simultaneous mode, each operating frequency occupies one independent pair of transmitting and receiving channel and the radar system simultaneously transmits and processes signals on different frequency channels [13]. As the number of the operating frequencies increase, the complexities and the hardware costs increase dramatically.…”