The Architecture of Goal Systems

Kruglanski, Arie W.; Chernikova, Marina; Babush, Maxim; Dugas, Michelle; Schumpe, Birga M.

doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.001

Cited by 113 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Previous studies have suggested that the motives behind doping use can be diverse such as enhancing performance, appearance, social acceptance, and even achievement of fame and glory [ 19 , 20 ]. Moving from here, and basing our analysis on the conceptual framework proposed by Kruglanski and colleagues in explaining the motivational forces of radical and deviant behaviors [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], we propose that behind the intentions to use doping, intended as a deviant and counterfinal behavior [ 5 , 23 , 27 ], is the motivation to (re)gain personal significance (i.e., the need to matter, to count and be respected) prompted by experiences of significance loss [ 6 ]. We propose that for individuals seeking to restore personal significance, the doping possibility is facilitated by their enhanced obsession with their sportive activities, which, in turn, augments the facility to adopting moral disengagement strategies to find justifications for it, especially when they perceive that significant others of their social network (friends, family, acquaintances, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This characteristic is known as counterfinality , meaning that a means serves a focal goal (e.g., winning) while undermining other goals (e.g., health, etc.) [ 5 , 23 , 27 ]. Research has shown that, paradoxically, the greater the perceived cost associated with a counterfinal means, the more people perceive it as instrumental to the goal it purportedly serves [ 23 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Motivational Underpinnings of Intentions to Use Doping in Sport: A Sample of Young Non-Professional Athletes

Chirico

Lucidi

Pica

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Doping use is considered as a deviant behavior in sport contexts, and it is necessary to recognize preventive factors to shut down the negative consequences. We proposed that athletes experiencing loss of personal significance would be more prone to doping use intentions. This pathway should occur through the effect of the enhanced predominance of obsessive (vs. harmonious) passion that such athletes experience concerning their sport activity, which, in turn, facilitates the adoption of moral disengagement strategies to find justifications for it, when they perceive that significant others approve their intention. The study relied on a cross-over design, with a convenience sample of 437 athletes recruited at four sports sciences Universities evenly distributed in Italy. Questionnaires administered contained a validated tool based on Kruglanski’s theorizing on radical and deviant behavior (e.g., Loss of Significance, Obsessive, and Harmonious passion) and deriving from social cognitive theory (e.g., Moral disengagement). Results of the study tested a serial mediation moderated model, which links the different variables to explain the influence they have on the intentions to use doping. Overall, this research suggests a motivational dynamic that may be at the heart of illicit behaviors in sport, such as using drugs-enhancing performance potentially among athletes of all kinds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Motivational Underpinnings of Intentions to Use Doping in Sport: A Sample of Young Non-Professional Athletes

Chirico

Lucidi

Pica

et al. 2021

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…In addition, situational demands, history, and psychiatric and neuropsychological conditions (e.g., cognitive flexibility) influence MCI (4, 37). Ample research has been carried out on the relationship between the structure and function of the individual's goal system (38,39), including the substitution of means, conflicting goals (12), rigidity, and radicalization of goals resulting in self-destruction (40,41). The motivational relevance of the individual indicates the degree and duration of the goals of the individual in the present context thus influence its valence in cue-integration, resulting in adaptive vs. maladaptive self-regulation.…”

Section: The Three Pillars Of Motivated Cue-integration High Level Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Motivated Cue-Integration and COVID-19: Between Interoception, Somatization, and Radicalization

Shalev

2021

Front. Psychiatry

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The global dissemination of COVID-19 creates confusion and ambiguity in nearly every aspect of life, including fear of contagion, heightened awareness of the mortality of self and family members, lack of power, and distrust of experts and decision-makers. In this stressful situation, the question arises as to what mechanisms distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive self-regulation. The theory of Motivated Cue-Integration (MCI) is a novel theory of self-regulation that provides a new perspective on the effect of COVID-19 on self-regulation deficiency as an example of psychological distress. Inspired by predictive coding, social cognition, embodied cognition, and experiential approach, MCI suggests that self-regulation is based on interaction between (1) high-level values and goals, (2) low-level interoceptive and exteroceptive signals, and (3) trust in epistemic authority or a significant other. Motivated Cue-Integration posits that individuals create meaning by making moment-to-moment predictions that affect their interpretation of the experience of ambiguity influenced by their relationship with epistemic authority. According to MCI, deficiency in self-regulation during COVID-19 could result either from over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to low-level interoceptive and exteroceptive cues; rigidity or ambiguity of high-level goals, poor integration between the two levels of processing as well as distrust in epistemic authority. According to MCI, variations of these deficiencies may occur in various clinical phenomena such as alexithymia and somatization, as well as in social phenomena such as goal radicalization. Based on this reasoning, MCI claims that the mentalization of the relationship between interoceptive cues, exteroceptive cues, goals, and psychological needs of the person, as well as the improvement of confidence in epistemic authority, can promote adaptive self-regulation. Psychological intervention can foster trust in epistemic authority, increase the mentalization of interoceptive and exteroceptive cues, and their association with adaptive goals. As such, the integration of these elements in a way that facilitates incentives pathways and insight fosters a more integrated subjective experience, higher clarity of emotion, and positive internal dialogue which promotes action tendency.

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“…Future research could also consider problems where multiple means have to be invested to achieve a goal and some means contribute more towards achieving a goal than others (namely goal systems and goal systems with weighted edges). In particular, one would expect that in certain circumstances some means would inhibit some goals (Kruglanski, Chernikova, Babush, Dugas & Schumpe, 2015). Hence, it could be of interest to examine how people perform on goal systems with negative weights.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Computational Challenges of Pursuing Multiple Goals: Network Structure of Goal Systems Predicts Human Performance

Reichman¹,

Lieder²,

Bourgin³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Extant psychological theories attribute people’s failure to achieve their goals primarily to failures of self-control, insufficient motivation, or lacking skills. We develop a complementary theory specifying conditions under which the computational complexity of making the right decisions becomes prohibitive of goal achievement regardless of skill or motivation. We support our theory by predicting human performance from factors determining the computational complexity of selecting the optimal set of means for goal achievement. Following previous theories of goal pursuit, we express the relationship between goals and means as a bipartite graph where edges between means and goals indicate which means can be used to achieve which goals. This allows us to map two computational challenges that arise in goal achievement onto two classic combinatorial optimization problems: Set Cover and Maximum Coverage. While these problems are believed to be computationally intractable on general networks, their solution can be nevertheless efficiently approximated when the structure of the network resembles a tree. Thus, our initial prediction was that people should perform better with goal systems that are more tree-like. In addition, our theory predicted that people’s performance at selecting means should be a U-shaped function of the average number of goals each means is relevant to and the average number of means through which each goal could be accomplished. Here we report on six behavioral experiments which confirmed these predictions. Our results suggest that combinatorial parameters that are instrumental to algorithm design can also be useful for understanding when and why people struggle to pursue their goals effectively.

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The Architecture of Goal Systems

Cited by 113 publications

References 38 publications

The Motivational Underpinnings of Intentions to Use Doping in Sport: A Sample of Young Non-Professional Athletes

The Motivational Underpinnings of Intentions to Use Doping in Sport: A Sample of Young Non-Professional Athletes

Theory of Motivated Cue-Integration and COVID-19: Between Interoception, Somatization, and Radicalization

The Computational Challenges of Pursuing Multiple Goals: Network Structure of Goal Systems Predicts Human Performance

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