The Arctic ecosystem: A canary in the coal mine for global multiple stressors

Borgå, Katrine

doi:10.1002/etc.4360

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Synergism is hypothesized to be the most likely outcome of simultaneous exposure to multiple stressors, as the increased stressor intensity will likely overcome compensatory mechanisms in the organisms 50 . Multiple stressors, in the case of synergism, have a larger effect on the organism or population than the sum of the individual stressors (i.e., an additive response) and contribute to a better understanding of the biological responses of organisms in a more complex environment 4 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of crude oil exposure and warming on eggs and larvae of an arctic forage fish

Bender

Giebichenstein

Teisrud

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Climate change, along with environmental pollution, can act synergistically on an organism to amplify adverse effects of exposure. The Arctic is undergoing profound climatic change and an increase in human activity, resulting in a heightened risk of accidental oil spills. Embryos and larvae of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), a key Arctic forage fish species, were exposed to low levels of crude oil concurrently with a 2.3 °C increase in water temperature. Here we show synergistic adverse effects of increased temperature and crude oil exposure on early life stages documented by an increased prevalence of malformations and mortality in exposed larvae. The combined effects of these stressors were most prevalent in the first feeding larval stages despite embryonic exposure, highlighting potential long-term consequences of exposure for survival, growth, and reproduction. Our findings suggest that a warmer Arctic with greater human activity will adversely impact early life stages of this circumpolar forage fish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of crude oil exposure and warming on eggs and larvae of an arctic forage fish

Bender

Giebichenstein

Teisrud

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…5,87,107 Moreover, given that the greatest rates of species invasions, at least for marine ecosystems, are projected to occur in polar regions, 102 and rapid Arctic borealization has already been documented (e.g., in the Barents Sea 11 ), we can speculate that polar marine wildlife may be more at risk from climatedriven ecological changes and POP exposures, than other regions. 108 With the current lack of understanding of how climate affects food web structure and the strengths of interspecic interactions for most species, the ability to forecast shiing biotic interactions under climate change remains limited. 109 Hence, models exploring the future impacts of shiing food webs on POPs are non-existent.…”

Section: C2 Species Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of global climate change on accumulation and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern in Arctic food webs

Borgå

McKinney

Routti

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, long-chain PFAAs (long chain = PFCA with eight carbons and greater and PFSA with six carbons and greater) are bioaccumulative and display a range of adverse toxic effects in humans and biota. Understanding the fate and behavior of PFAAs in the environment is therefore important particularly in relation to remote ecosystems such as the Arctic that are reported to be currently experiencing other environmental stressors …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the fate and behavior of PFAAs in the environment is therefore important particularly in relation to remote ecosystems such as the Arctic that are reported to be currently experiencing other environmental stressors. 3 PFAAs have been observed in the remote Greenland Sea 4 and Chukchi/Beaufort Sea regions of the western Arctic 5 with their presence having been linked to transport through ocean currents originating from industrial regions. PFAAs are also transported to remote environments such as the Arctic indirectly through photochemical oxidation of volatile precursors in the atmosphere followed by deposition, with their occurrence in the central Arctic Basin snowpack 5 and on the Devon Island ice cap 6−8 as evidence of atmospheric deposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice

Garnett

Halsall

Vader³

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances are synthetic chemicals that are widely present in the global environment including the Arctic. However, little is known about how these chemicals (particularly perfluoroalkyl acids, PFAA) enter the Arctic marine system and cycle between seawater and sea ice compartments. To evaluate this, we analyzed sea ice, snow, melt ponds, and near-surface seawater at two ice-covered stations located north of the Barents Sea (81 °N) with the aim of investigating PFAA dynamics in the late-season ice pack. Sea ice showed high concentrations of PFAA particularly at the surface with snow-ice (the uppermost sea ice layer strongly influenced by snow) comprising 26–62% of the total PFAA burden. Low salinities (<2.5 ppt) and low δ 18 O H20 values (<1‰ in snow and upper ice layers) in sea ice revealed the strong influence of meteoric water on sea ice, thus indicating a significant atmospheric source of PFAA with subsequent transfer down the sea ice column in meltwater. Importantly, the under-ice seawater (0.5 m depth) displayed some of the highest concentrations notably for the long-chain PFAA (e.g., PFOA 928 ± 617 pg L –1 ), which were ≈3-fold higher than those of deeper water (5 m depth) and ≈2-fold higher than those recently measured in surface waters of the North Sea infuenced by industrial inputs of PFAAs. The evidence provided here suggests that meltwater arising early in the melt season from snow and other surface ice floe components drives the higher PFAA concentrations observed in under-ice seawater, which could in turn influence the timing and extent of PFAA exposure for organisms at the base of the marine food web.

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The Arctic ecosystem: A canary in the coal mine for global multiple stressors

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Combined effects of crude oil exposure and warming on eggs and larvae of an arctic forage fish

Combined effects of crude oil exposure and warming on eggs and larvae of an arctic forage fish

The influence of global climate change on accumulation and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern in Arctic food webs

High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice

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