The Argo Program: Present and Future

Jayne, Steven R.; Roemmich, Dean; Zilberman, Nathalie; Riser, Stephen C.; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Piotrowicz, Stephen R.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2017.213

Cited by 111 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Argo first achieved its initial goal of 3000 profiling floats in November 2007. Its present coverage of about 3800 floats ( Figure 3A) is close to the target of 4000, and is beginning to move into marginal seas, seasonally ice-covered regions, and increasing float density in critical areas (Jayne et al, 2017). The data coverage is >80% of the global ocean area (3 by 3 degree box) after 2007 from depth 0-1200 m and >70% for 1200-2000 m (Figure 2).…”

Section: Estimating the Ocean Temperature From In Situ Observationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance

et al. 2019

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Meyssignac et al. Measuring OHC to Estimate the EEI efficient approach to estimate EEI. In this community paper we review the current four state-of-the-art methods to estimate global OHC changes and evaluate their relevance to derive EEI estimates on different time scales. These four methods make use of: (1) direct observations of in situ temperature; (2) satellite-based measurements of the ocean surface net heat fluxes; (3) satellite-based estimates of the thermal expansion of the ocean and (4) ocean reanalyses that assimilate observations from both satellite and in situ instruments. For each method we review the potential and the uncertainty of the method to estimate global OHC changes. We also analyze gaps in the current capability of each method and identify ways of progress for the future to fulfill the requirements of EEI monitoring. Achieving the observation of EEI with sufficient accuracy will depend on merging the remote sensing techniques with in situ measurements of key variables as an integral part of the Ocean Observing System.

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Section: Estimating the Ocean Temperature From In Situ Observationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance

et al. 2019

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“…A proposed global array of about 1,200 Deep Argo floats would greatly improve our ability to estimate deep and abyssal ocean changes such as those reported here, as well as variations in circulation, in closer to real time (Johnson et al, , ). Some progress is being made toward that vision, with regional pilot arrays of Deep Argo floats established in the south Indian, South Pacific, and North Atlantic oceans (Jayne et al, ), with plans for the South Atlantic Ocean as well.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unabated Bottom Water Warming and Freshening in the South Pacific Ocean

et al. 2019

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Abyssal ocean warming contributed substantially to anthropogenic ocean heat uptake and global sea level rise between 1990 and 2010. In the 2010s, several hydrographic sections crossing the South Pacific Ocean were occupied for a third or fourth time since the 1990s, allowing for an assessment of the decadal variability in the local abyssal ocean properties among the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. These observations from three decades reveal steady to accelerated bottom water warming since the 1990s. Strong abyssal (z > 4,000 m) warming of 3.5 (±1.4) m°C/year (m°C = 10−3 °C) is observed in the Ross Sea, directly downstream from bottom water formation sites, with warming rates of 2.5 (±0.4) m°C/year to the east in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Basin and 1.3 (±0.2) m°C/year to the north in the Southwest Pacific Basin, all associated with a bottom‐intensified descent of the deepest isotherms. Warming is consistently found across all sections and their occupations within each basin, demonstrating that the abyssal warming is monotonic, basin‐wide, and multidecadal. In addition, bottom water freshening was strongest in the Ross Sea, with smaller amplitude in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Basin in the 2000s, but is discernible in portions of the Southwest Pacific Basin by the 2010s. These results indicate that bottom water freshening, stemming from strong freshening of Ross Shelf Waters, is being advected along deep isopycnals and mixed into deep basins, albeit on longer timescales than the dynamically driven, wave‐propagated warming signal. We quantify the contribution of the warming to local sea level and heat budgets.

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“…Because of the short and incomplete nature of existing time series, the causes and consequences of observed changes are difficult to assess. The current development of a Deep Argo network (Jayne et al, 2017), as well as the current efforts to observe the under-ice ocean with Argo probes and animal-borne sensors (Klatt et al, 2007;Wong and Riser, 2011;Treasure et al, 2017) offer a bright future and will push the limits of the current observing system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%