The arrival and spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Colombia

Ramírez, Juan David; Flórez, Carolina; Muñoz, Marina; Hernández, Carolina; Castillo, A.; Gómez, Sergio; Rico, Angélica; Pardo, Lisseth; Barros, Esther C.; Castañeda, Sergio; Ballesteros, Nathalia; Martinez, David R.; Vega, Laura; Rojas‐Jaimes, Jesús; Cruz-Saavedra, Lissa; Herrera, Giovanny; Patiño, Luz Helena; Teherán, Aníbal A.; Gonzalez‐Reiche, Ana S.; Hernandez, Matthew M.; Sordillo, Emilia Mia; Simon, Viviana; Bakel, Harm van; Paniz‐Mondolfi, Alberto

doi:10.1002/jmv.26393

Cited by 37 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the whole genome, we detected genomic regions of high and low nucleotide diversity, implying that some genomic regions are evolving faster than others [ 15 , 16 ]. This difference between genomic regions may be useful because regions with low diversity could be considered more suitable to develop and test new antiviral drugs, vaccines and detection methods (RT-PCR), in order to reduce the possibility of rapid drug resistance, immune system evasion and high numbers of false negatives when testing [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations and Genetic Diversity One Year after Emerging

et al. 2021

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In December 2019, the first cases of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were identified in the city of Wuhan, China. Since then, it has spread worldwide with new mutations being reported. The aim of the present study was to monitor the changes in genetic diversity and track non-synonymous substitutions (dN) that could be implicated in the fitness of SARS-CoV-2 and its spread in different regions between December 2019 and November 2020. We analyzed 2213 complete genomes from six geographical regions worldwide, which were downloaded from GenBank and GISAID databases. Although SARS-CoV-2 presented low genetic diversity, there has been an increase over time, with the presence of several hotspot mutations throughout its genome. We identified seven frequent mutations that resulted in dN substitutions. Two of them, C14408T>P323L and A23403G>D614G, located in the nsp12 and Spike protein, respectively, emerged early in the pandemic and showed a considerable increase in frequency over time. Two other mutations, A1163T>I120F in nsp2 and G22992A>S477N in the Spike protein, emerged recently and have spread in Oceania and Europe. There were associations of P323L, D614G, R203K and G204R substitutions with disease severity. Continuous molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 will be necessary to detect and describe the transmission dynamics of new variants of the virus with clinical relevance. This information is important to improve programs to control the virus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations and Genetic Diversity One Year after Emerging

et al. 2021

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“…Large databases of genomic data for human pathogens have stimulated the field of phylodynamics, an intersection of immunodynamics, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology, to understand infectious disease dynamics using pathogen phylogenies 20 , 21 . Phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology have been used to describe the introduction and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during early phases of the pandemic in several regions including Italy 22 , 23 , the Netherlands 24 , 25 , Chile 26 , Northern California 27 , and New York City 28 . Here we report twenty-seven SARS-CoV-2 genomes from cases of COVID-19 within the eastern region of the province of Ontario, Canada.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenomics reveals viral sources, transmission, and potential superinfection in early-stage COVID-19 patients in Ontario, Canada

Sjaarda

Rustom

Evans

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The emergence and rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates the importance of infectious disease surveillance, particularly during the early stages. Viral genomes can provide key insights into transmission chains and pathogenicity. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from thirty-two of the first SARS-CoV-2 positive cases (March 18–30) in Kingston Ontario, Canada. Viral genomes were sequenced using Ion Torrent (n = 24) and MinION (n = 27) sequencing platforms. SARS-CoV-2 genomes carried forty-six polymorphic sites including two missense and three synonymous variants in the spike protein gene. The D614G point mutation was the predominate viral strain in our cohort (92.6%). A heterozygous variant (C9994A) was detected by both sequencing platforms but filtered by the ARTIC network bioinformatic pipeline suggesting that heterozygous variants may be underreported in the SARS-CoV-2 literature. Phylogenetic analysis with 87,738 genomes in the GISAID database identified global origins and transmission events including multiple, international introductions as well as community spread. Reported travel history validated viral introduction and transmission inferred by phylogenetic analysis. Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary phylogenetics may complement contact tracing and help reconstruct transmission chains of emerging diseases. Earlier detection and screening in this way could improve the effectiveness of regional public health interventions to limit future pandemics.

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“…Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 may directly attack vascular endothelial cells via the ACE2 receptor, resulting in endothelial cell dysfunction and endothelial barrier damage (Janardhan et al 2020 ). Furthermore, scholars have revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in brain capillary endothelial cells in a COVID-19 patient (Paniz-Mondolfi et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Of Covid-19-induced Cerebrovascular Dismentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular diseases in COVID-19 patients

et al. 2021

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Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2019, it is gaining worldwide attention at the moment. Apart from respiratory manifestations, neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, especially the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), has been intensively investigated. In this review, the effects of COVID-19 infection on CVD were summarized as follows: (I) angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may be involved in the attack on vascular endothelial cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to endothelial damage and increased subintimal inflammation, which are followed by hemorrhage or thrombosis; (II) SARS-CoV-2 could alter the expression/activity of ACE2, consequently resulting in the disruption of renin-angiotensin system which is associated with the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis; (III) upregulation of neutrophil extracellular traps has been detected in COVID-19 patients, which is closely associated with immunothrombosis; (IV) the inflammatory cascade induced by SARS-CoV-2 often leads to hypercoagulability and promotes the formation and progress of atherosclerosis; (V) antiphospholipid antibodies are also detected in plasma of some severe cases, which aggravate the thrombosis through the formation of immune complexes; (VI) hyperglycemia in COVID-19 patients may trigger CVD by increasing oxidative stress and blood viscosity; (VII) the COVID-19 outbreak is a global emergency and causes psychological stress, which could be a potential risk factor of CVD as coagulation, and fibrinolysis may be affected. In this review, we aimed to further our understanding of CVD-associated COVID-19 infection, which could improve the therapeutic outcomes of patients. Personalized treatments should be offered to COVID-19 patients at greater risk for stroke in future clinical practice.

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The arrival and spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Colombia

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations and Genetic Diversity One Year after Emerging

Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations and Genetic Diversity One Year after Emerging

Phylogenomics reveals viral sources, transmission, and potential superinfection in early-stage COVID-19 patients in Ontario, Canada

Potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular diseases in COVID-19 patients

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