The arterial system of the head and neck of the rhesus monkey with emphasis on the external carotid system

Abstract

The arterial plan of the head and neck of 64 immature rhesus monkeys (Macacn mulatta) was studied using four techniques -dissection, corrosion preparations, cleared specimens, and angiographs. In general, the arterial plan of this area in the monkey is similar to that of man. However, certain outstanding differences were noted. The origin, course, and distribution of all arteries is described as well as the vascular relations to pertinent structures.As has been mentioned previously (Dyrud, '44; Schwartz and Huelke, '63) the rhesus monkey is useful for many types of medical and dental investigations, yet its detailed gross morphology is virtually unknown. Although certain areas of the monkey have been studied in detailbrachial plexus, facial and masticatory musculature, subclavian, axillary and coronary arteries, orbital vasculature, and other structures (Schwartz and Huelke, '63; Chase and DeGaris, '40; DeGaris and Glidden, '38; Chase, '38; Huber, '25; Weinstein and Hedges, '62; Samuel and Warwick, '55; Eyster, '44; Wagenen and Catchpole, '56; Tokarski, '31; Kennard, '41). other areas have been virtually overlooked or have received but passing attention. The literature on the arterial supply of the primate head has been adequately summarized by Dyrud ('44). Very few investigators, however, have used Macaca mulatta specimens and more importantly in most of the articles only brief descriptions have been presented with many of the pertinent morphological details not having been stated, or overlooked. Additionally, only a few specimens have been used in the majority of these works. It is our purpose to present the arterial plan of the head and neck, especially that of the external carotid arterial system. MATERIALS AND METHODSSixty-four immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used for this study. All of the animals were embalmed with AM. J. ANAT., 116: 149-170.10% formalin except 17 which were unembalmed. Four different techniques were used for the study of the arterial distribution : ( 1 ) dissections -27 specimens; (2) corrosion preparations -6; (3) cleared specimens -15; ( 4 ) angiographs -16 heads ( 11 unembalmed and 5 embalmed). The arterial system of the specimens used for dissection was injected with vinyl acetate, red latex, or with a red-colored gelation mass. For the dissection of smaller arteries, the smallest of 150 ~1 in diameter, the binocular dissection microscope was used. The corrosion specimens were prepared by injecting the arteries with vinyl acetate followed by maceration of the soft tissue with potassium hydroxide (3-10% ) for 24 to 72 hours. The dye selected for injection of the cleared specimens was Teichmann's paste (Teichmann, '52) colored with cinnabar. These specimens were decalcified in 4% nitric acid and then cleared by the Spalteholtz method. The radiopaque material for the angiographs was the modified Schlessinger's mass (Reiner and Rodriguez, '57), the main components being mercury and barium sulfate.The head and neck was removed from the animal at the level of the cl...

O sistema carótico do encéfalo do Cebus apella sp., Linnaeus, 1766

“…Alguns autores destacam artérias carótidas de pequeno tamanho no seu trajeto intracraniano, ou seja: no orangotango com 4 ou 5 mm; nos Cercopithecidae, 3 ou 4 mm (Watts 1934b); no macaco rhesus, após penetrar na duramáter e fornecer a artéria oftálmica, 5 mm (Weinstein & Hedges 1962). São iguais no homem e no chimpanzé (Sperino 1897); são iguais no homem e no gibão (De Vriese 1905); e correm no seio cavernoso por 4 mm no macaco rhesus (Weinstein & Hedges 1962, Castelli & Huelke 1964, nesta amostra a ace corresponde à artéria apontada pelos autores e mediu entre 2 e 4 mm. Castelli & Huelke (1964) chamam a atenção para a análise deste segmento da artéria carótida interna em seu trajeto intracraniano que vai desde o momento em que o vaso, após alcançar a entrada do canal carotídico, corre dentro do osso temporal, para a seguir emergir na base do crânio, atravessando o seio sigmóide e dirigindo-se ântero-medialmente à região quiasmática no macaco rhesus Este autores sustentam a hipótese de que mudanças ocorridas no vaso durante a filogenia representam um fator importante na classificação dos primatas.…”

A morphological study of the foramina of the mandible in the Japanese macaque by cone-beam computed tomography

“…These structures were also related to tooth eruption from deciduous teeth to permanent teeth during development. Moreover, the arrangement of vessels is complex and composed of four courses in the rhesus monkey mandible (Castelli and Huelke, 1965). However, comparatively little has been published on primates other than humans in this field except for the variation in the course of ACs and foramina.…”

“…The LF and multiple lingual canals were present on the outside and inside of the mandible. In rhesus monkeys, the external carotid system is very complex, and there are four pathways of supplied vessels to the mandible: the temporal muscle, temporomandibular joint, inferior alveolar artery, and alveolar dental artery (Castelli and Huelke, 1965). These vessels insert into the mandible with four origin directions, which may be related to the existence of numerous accessory foramina in the JM mandible.…”

Saimiri sciureus' hard palate morphology

“…Morphological aspects of New World NHP have been extensively investigated since last century (Castelli & Huelke 1964, Zingeser 1976, Feagle 1999, Ferreira et al 2000, Blumenchein & Ferreira 2002, Ferreira et al 2005, Branco et al 2010, Lima et al 2011, including some descriptions of digestive system in the head (Geist 1961, Molinari et al 1994a. General commonsense describes oral cavity adaptations according to diet and feeding, dentition, tongue projection and head shape (Hildebrand 1995).…”