The Articulation Characteristics of the Profound Hearing-Impaired Children with Reference to Formant Bandwidth

Abstract

This study measured formant bandwidths of profound hearing impaired children and examined the characteristics of their articulation. For this study, 10 cochlear implanted children(CI), 10 hearing aid children(HA) and 10 normal hearing children(NH) were asked to read 7 Korean vowels(/ɑ, ʌ, o, u, ɯ, i, ɛ/). The subjects' readings were recorded by NasalView and analyzed by Praat. The analysis of the formant bandwidths explains the degree of vocal fold opening and the characteristics of radiation. Through the analysis of formant bandwidth, we can see that the hearing-impaired maintain vocal fold tension when they speak high vowels and characteristics of radiation. Narrower B1 means better maintain vocal fold tension, wider B2 means more front and wider B3 means the rounder lips. CI's B1 was widest and NH's was narrowest. And females' B1 was wider than males'. Among vowels, B1 of /a/ was widest, and B1 of /i/ was narrowest. In the case of B2, HA and NH's B2 was wider than CI's. Females' B2 was wider than males'. And B2 of /i/ was widest, and B2 of /ʌ/ was narrowest. In the case of B3, NH's was widest, and CI's was narrowest. Males' was wider than females'. Among vowels, B3 of /o/ was widest, and B3 of /ɛ/ was narrowest. As a result, first, through the analysis of B1, we can find that NH and males could better maintain vocal fold tension than the hearing-impaired or females, and all children articulate /i/ with vocal fold tension than other vowels. Second, through the analysis of B2, NH and HA articulate vowels with the weaker rounded than CI does. And females articulate vowels with the weaker rounded than males do. Third, through the analysis of B3, NH articulate vowels with the rounder than HA or CI do, and males articulate vowels with the rounder than females do. Through the results, we can expect that the analysis of formant bandwidth will be applied to the therapy of articulation for the hearing-impaired with hearing aids or cochlear implant.

The Effect of Visual Feedback on the Voice Control Ability of Pre-lingual Deafened Young Adults with Cochlear Implants

“…와우이식 시기는 수술 후의 말 산출 능력에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다 (Yoon, 2003 (Kong, Mullangi, Marozeau, & Epstein, 2011 (Choi & Park, 2010;Kim & Ko, 2007;Kim & Yoon, 2017) (Nadine, Mike, Sophi, & Carolyn, 2019 (Massen & Povel, 1985;Yorkston & Beukelman, 1981;Youdelman, MacEachron, & McGarr, 1989). 말 명료도는 조 음능력과 높은 상관관계를 가지며, 청각장애인의 높은 자음정확도 는 말 명료도에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다 (Yoon, Lee, & Sim, 2001 (Wang, Trehub, Volkova, & van Lieshout, 2013 (Pabon, 1991), 음성의 역동성, 생리적 음성 한계나 후두적응능력 등을 포함한 화자의 최대발성역치를 평 가할 수 있다 (Airainer & Klingholz, 1991;Bae et al, 2014;Boone et al, 2014;Ferrand, 2012 (Bae et al, 2014;Choi et al, 2009;Jung, Choi, & Choi, 2019 (Caffier et al, 2018;Estella et al, 2007) (Boone et al, 2014;Titze, 1994 (Caffier et al, 2018;Estella et al, 2007;Louis et al, 1998;Nora & Hugo, 2010;Arend, Harm, & Donald, 1995 (Åkerlund & Grmming, 1994;Awan, 1993;Buekers, 1995;Gramming, Sundberg, Ternstrom, Leandersson, & Perkins, 1988;Nora & Hugo, 2010 (Pyo, 2007;Spector, Subtelny, Whitehead, & Wirz, 1979) (Boone, 1966;Leder, Spitzer, & Kirchner, 1987).…”

A comparison of Korean vowel formants in conditions of chanting and reading utterances*

“…모음은 발화 시 자음과 결합하여 인접한 자음의 조음에 영향 을 미칠 수 있다 (Eom & Shin, 2018 (Howard & Lohmander, 2011;Kim & Shin, 2015;Kummer, 2007). 청각장애인의 경우에 는 입 안의 중앙에서 모음을 조음하여 양극단에 있는 단모음 / 이/, /아/, /우/가 중앙화되는 특징이 있으며 (Choi & Seong, 2010),…”

Formant Bandwidth and the Articulation Characteristics of Adults with Profound Hearing-Impairment

“…특히 어린 나이에 인공와우 이 식을 받은 경우 포먼트가 정상청력 아동과 유사한 패턴을 보였으며 (Kim & Ko, 2007), 향상된 청력의 경험기간도 조음에 영향을 끼쳐 인공와우 착용기간에 따라서 포먼트 값이 달라져 48개월 이전에 인공와우 이식을 받고 18개월 이상 인공와우를 착용한 아동의 경 우 F1, F2가 거의 정상 수준에 있었다 (Campisi et al, 2005;Cerçi, Kandoğan, Olgun, Gültekin, & Alper, 2005). (Huh, 2007;Huh, Lee, & Choi, 2005;Oh, Zhi, & Kim, 2000), 파열음에서의 발성개시시간 (Higgins, McCleary, Ide-Helvie, & Carney, 2005), 마찰음에서의 마찰 잡음의 평균(mean), 왜도 (skewness)와 첨도(kurtosis)의 차이 (Uchanski & Geers, 2003), F1/ F2의 비율 (Campisi et al, 2005;Seong, 2004), F2와 F1의 거리 값과 유클리드 거리 (Choi & Seong, 2010;Seong, 2005) 등 다양한 변수 들을 분석하고 있다. 특히 모음의 특성을 설명하기 위해 포먼트를 주로 분석한다.…”