The Ascension of Wildlife Rabies: A Cause for Public Health Concern or Intervention?

Rupprecht, Charles E.; Smith, Jean S.; Fekadu, Makonnen; Childs, James E.

doi:10.3201/eid0104.950401

Cited by 178 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…one to two individuals per camera place- Rupprecht et al (1995) noted that unment); groundhog (Mamzota monax; one derstanding the relationship between aniindividual photographed); fox squirrel mal population density and the minimum (Sciurus niger; one individual photo-density of ORV baits necessary to confer graphed); and white-tailed deer (Odoco-herd immunity is a critical component of ileus virginianus; sign at bait point) inves-an effective immunization program. In adtigated baits.…”

Section: Raccoon Population Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equipment failure and vary-dition, a national working group on pre- vention and control of rabies in the USA reiterated the need for a better understanding of the dynamics of host populations in relation to proposed disease control through, for example, oral vaccination (Hanlon et al, 1999). A lack of understanding of target species' population demographics will affect not only program design and implementation, but also the cost effectiveness of the ORV program (Rupprecht et al, 1995;Meltzer, 1996). Raccoon population densities vary widely (e.g., 1-100 anirnals/km2; Rosatte, 2000) and are primarily a function of available resources (e.g., increased food and shelter opportunities in suburban/urban areas; Gehrt and Fritzell, 1998;Rosatte, 2000).…”

Section: Raccoon Population Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure Time of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Relative to Baiting Density and Raccoon Population Density

Blackwell

Seamans

White

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) baiting programs for control of raccoon (Procyorl lotor) rabies in the USA have been conducted or are in progress in eight states east of the Mississippi River. However, data specific to the relationship between raccoon population density and the minimum density of baits necessary to significantly elevate rabies im~nunity are few. We used the 22-km2 US National Aeror~autics and Space Administration Plum Brook Station (PBS) in Erie County, Ohio, USA, to evaluate the period of exposure for placebo vaccine baits placed at a density of 75 baits/km2 relative to raccoon population density. Our objectives were to 1) estimate raccoon population density within the fragmented forest, old-field, and industrial landscape at PBS; and 2) quantify the time that placebo, Merial HABORAL V-RG" vaccine baits were available to raccoons. Froin August through November 2002 we surveyed raccoon use of PBS along 19.3 km of paved-road transects by using a forward-looking infrared camera rnol~r~ted inside a vehicle. We used Distance 3.5 software to calc~~late a probaljility of detection function by whit11 we estimated raccoon pop~ilation density from transect data. Estimated population density on PBS decreased from August (33.4 raccoons/km2) through November (13.6 raccoons/krn2), yielding a monthly rnean of 24.5 raccoons/km2. We also quantified exposure time for ORV baits placed by hand on five 1-km2 grids on PBS from September through October. An average 82.7% (SD=4.6) of baits were removed within 1 wk of placement. Given raccoon population density, estimates of bait removal and sachet condition, and assllming 22.9% nontarget take, the baiting density of 75/ km' yielded an average of 3.3 baits consurned per raccoon anti the sachet perforated.

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Section: Raccoon Population Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Raccoon Population Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Time of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Relative to Baiting Density and Raccoon Population Density

Blackwell

Seamans

White

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated in 50,000 (Rupprecht et al 1995). The first rabies vaccine successfully employed in humans was developed by Louis Pasteur and colleagues in 1885 (Pérez and Paolazzi 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of a protein-free medium based on IPL-41 for the sustained growth of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells

et al. 2008

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An animal protein-free medium was developed for Drosophila melanogaster S2 (S2Ac-GPV2) cells genetically modified to produce the rabies virus G glycoprotein (GPV). IPL-41, used as a basal medium, was supplemented with yeastolate, carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids aiming initially to reduce and further to eliminate the need of fetal bovine serum. The S2AcGPV2 cells were fully capable of growing in serum-free supplemented IPL-41 medium containing 6 g L -1 yeastolate ultrafiltrate, 10 g Lmethionine and 1% (v/v) lipid emulsion, reaching 19 9 10 6 cells mL -1 . Maximum specific growth rate and cell productivity were 0.025 h -1 and 0.57 9 10 5 cells mL, respectively. Glucose and lactose were consumed during cell culture, but not fructose. Lactate concentration generally decreased during cell culture, while ammonium concentration reached 167 mg L -1 , however, without noticeable deleterious effects on cell growth. GPV concentration values achieved were, however, modest in the proposed medium formulation.

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“…It has been suggested that an epizootic in the silverhaired bat population might reflect adaptation of the virus to this species by either increasing its neuroinvasiveness or altering its tissue tropism, enabling transmission of disease by only a low number of virus particles (3). Such changes in the pathogenicity phenotype, in particular increased neuroinvasiveness, are likely to have public health implications: In fact, SHBRV has been identified as the etiological agent of 16 of the 26 indigenous human rabies cases that occurred from 1994 to the present in the United States (4). None of these 16 cases has been related to any known exposure, consistent with the hypothesis that neuroinvasive properties of SHBRV are distinct from those of the more common canine-associated RVs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of viral genomic elements responsible for rabies virus neuroinvasiveness

Faber

Pulmanausahakul

Nagao

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

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Attenuated tissue culture-adapted and natural street rabies virus (RV) strains differ greatly in their neuroinvasiveness. To identify the elements responsible for the ability of an RV to enter the CNS from a peripheral site and to cause lethal neurological disease, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of silver-haired bat-associated RV (SHBRV) strain 18 and exchanged the genes encoding RV proteins and genomic sequences of this highly neuroinvasive RV strain with those of a highly attenuated nonneuroinvasive RV vaccine strain (SN0). Analysis of the recombinant RV (SB0), which was recovered from SHBRV-18 cDNA, indicated that this RV is phenotypically indistinguishable from WT SHBRV-18. Characterization of the chimeric viruses revealed that in addition to the RV glycoprotein, which plays a predominant role in the ability of an RV to invade the CNS from a peripheral site, viral elements such as the trailer sequence, the RV polymerase, and the pseudogene contribute to RV neuroinvasiveness. Analyses also revealed that neuroinvasiveness of an RV correlates inversely with the time necessary for internalization of RV virions and with the capacity of the virus to grow in neuroblastoma cells.reverse genetics ͉ pathogenicity ͉ internalization

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The Ascension of Wildlife Rabies: A Cause for Public Health Concern or Intervention?

Cited by 178 publications

References 28 publications

Exposure Time of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Relative to Baiting Density and Raccoon Population Density

Exposure Time of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Relative to Baiting Density and Raccoon Population Density

Formulation of a protein-free medium based on IPL-41 for the sustained growth of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells

Identification of viral genomic elements responsible for rabies virus neuroinvasiveness

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