Metabolic engineering approaches do not exclusively require
fine-tuning
of heterologous genes but oftentimes also modulation or even induction
of host gene expression, e.g., in order to rewire
metabolic fluxes. Here, we introduce the programmable red light switch
PhiReX 2.0, which can rewire metabolic fluxes by targeting endogenous
promoter sequences through single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and activate
gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon red light stimulation. The split transcription factor is built
from the plant-derived optical dimer PhyB and PIF3, which is fused
to a DNA-binding domain based on the catalytically dead Cas9 protein
(dCas9) and a transactivation domain. This design combines at least
two major advantages: first, the sgRNAs, guiding dCas9 to the promoter
of interest, can be exchanged in an efficient and straightforward
Golden Gate-based cloning approach, which allows for rational or randomized
combination of up to four sgRNAs in a single expression array. Second,
target gene expression can be rapidly upregulated by short red light
pulses in a light dose-dependent manner and returned to the native
expression level by applying far-red light without interfering with
the cell culture. Using the native yeast gene CYC1 as an example, we demonstrated that PhiReX 2.0 can upregulate CYC1 gene expression by up to 6-fold in a light intensity-dependent
and reversible manner using a single sgRNA.