The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia obtains the most desalination water from the Red Sea. In Saudi Arabia, 14 desalination plants receive water from the Red Sea, and three are located in the country’s east and rely on the Arabian Gulf. The study has observed 16 desalination plants out of 17 desalination plants in the kingdom. Most of the desalination plants in Saudi Arabia currently use the advanced technologies to produce potable water with less impact on the surrounding environment. The current study examined the variation of hydrographic parameters along all available desalination plants in Saudi Arabia. This is the first inter-annual database of hydrographic parameters in the last 4 years. The peak salinity was measured at the Duba desalination plant in 2020, and it was 67.2 ppt. During 2018, the Azizia desalination plant reported the lowest value of 36.8 ppt. The maximum temperature recorded at the Qunfudah desalination plant in 2019 was 34.6°C. In 2017, the minimum temperature was 19.1°C at the Jubail desalination plant. The level of dissolved oxygen and pH were likewise not significantly changed along the brine outflow and in the outfall, in contrast to temperature and salinity. On the basis of 4 years’ of data from observed desalination facilities, the current study sheds light on the less environmental impact with regard to hydrographic factors.

Isolation and Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in Scales from Three Species of Farmed Fish in Lake Maninjau

“…This is the reason why analysis of fish scales is sometimes used to monitor exposure levels to heavy metals in the aquatic environment. However, keep in mind that the ability of fish to absorb heavy metals and their impact depends on many factors, such as the type of fish, environmental conditions, level of exposure, and others [26,27].…”

Monitoring of water quality generated by MSF and reverse osmosis at the Kahrama and Mactâa plants in West Algeria

“…Additionally, we are seeing a sharp rise in the amount of water generated via desalination, which reached 95 million m 3 /day globally in 2018 after reaching 45 million m 3 /day in 2017 (Abdellah and Khaldi, 2017). Many nations worldwide, particularly those in the Middle East and emerging nations, have limited supplies of freshwater (Aljohani et al, 2023). According to Clayton (2011), the Gulf area is home to the majority of the nations that rely on desalination.…”

“…These results are consistent with those of Tigrine et al (2023) and Zioui et al (2017).From an ecological and environmental standpoint, the MSF technique is superior to reverse osmosis because the brines produced by seawater desalination are recycled through the brine recirculation distillation system, resulting in fewer negative impacts on marine fauna and flora. The major disadvantage of MSF technology is the high discharge temperature, however, the temperature at the discharge site is frequently lower and may not be sufficient to have a substantial impact on the macrobenthos(Aljohani et al, 2023).…”