The relationship between culture (circumscribed by race, ethnicity, country of origin, language, and/or social class) and test session behavior (TSB) on group and individual tests of intelligence and/or achievement is evaluated with respect to the quality of evidence offered in support of knowledge claims. Four relevant categories in the literature are identified: (1) speculative theories, (2) studies of standardized measures of test session behavior, (3) TSB experimental research, and (4) research in cross-cultural test development. In Part I of a two-part series, key literature from the first two categories is reviewed.The relationship between cultural factors and testing is a popular topic of study in modern psychology (Miller-