The Assessment of Schizotypy and Its Clinical Relevance

Mason, Oliver

doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu194

Cited by 118 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The authors were surprised by the relative paucity of papers which considered the genetic underpinnings of schizotypal traits. Unlike the clinical end point of psychotic disorders, schizotypal traits can be readily, cheaply and efficiently characterized using well validated and established measures (Mason, 2015). In contrast to psychotic symptoms, schizotypal traits are stable by virtue of the fact they are defined as a personality construct.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review

et al. 2016

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Schizotypal traits are of interest and importance in their own right and also have theoretical and clinical associations with schizophrenia. These traits comprise attenuated psychotic symptoms, social withdrawal, reduced cognitive capacity, and affective dysregulation. The link between schizotypal traits and psychotic disorders has long since been debated. The status of knowledge at this point is such schizotypal traits are a risk for psychotic disorders, but in and of themselves only confer liability, with other risk factors needing to be present before a transition to psychosis occurs. Investigation of schizotypal traits also has the possibility to inform clinical and research pursuits concerning those who do not make a transition to psychotic disorders. A growing body of literature has investigated the genetic underpinnings of schizotypal traits. Here, we review association, family studies and describe genetic disorders where the expression of schizotypal traits has been investigated. We conducted a thorough review of the existing literature, with multiple search engines, references, and linked articles being searched for relevance to the current review. All articles and book chapters in English were sourced and reviewed for inclusion. Family studies demonstrate that schizotypal traits are elevated with increasing genetic proximity to schizophrenia and some chromosomal regions have been associated with schizotypy. Genes associated with schizophrenia have provided the initial start point for the investigation of candidate genes for schizotypal traits; neurobiological pathways of significance have guided selection of genes of interest. Given the chromosomal regions associated with schizophrenia, some genetic disorders have also considered the expression of schizotypal traits. Genetic disorders considered all comprise a profile of cognitive deficits and over representation of psychotic disorders compared to the general population. We conclude that genetic variations associated with schizotypal traits require further investigation, perhaps with targeted phenotypes narrowed to assist in refining the clinical end point of significance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review

et al. 2016

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“…Schizotypy refers to a set of positive, negative, or disorganized personality traits that are related to schizophrenia (Ettinger et al, ). Individuals with schizotypy are nonclinical subjects, but they have some psychotic‐like experiences, ranging from few (low schizotypy) to numerous (high schizotypy), which reflect their vulnerability for developing schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders (Blanchard, Collins, Aghevli, Leung, & Cohen, ; Kwapil, ; Mason, ). The importance of studying schizotypy is twofold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of social anhedonia using temporal and spatial network features from a social cognition fMRI task

Krohne

Wang

Hinrich

et al. 2019

Human Brain Mapping

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Previous studies have suggested that the degree of social anhedonia reflects the vulnerability for developing schizophrenia. However, only few studies have investigated how functional network changes are related to social anhedonia. The aim of this fMRI study was to classify subjects according to their degree of social anhedonia using supervised machine learning. More specifically, we extracted both spatial and temporal network features during a social cognition task from 70 subjects, and used support vector machines for classification. Since impairment in social cognition is well established in schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders, the subjects performed a comic strip task designed to specifically probe theory of mind (ToM) and empathy processing. Features representing both temporal (time series) and network dynamics were extracted using task activation maps, seed region analysis, independent component analysis (ICA), and a newly developed multi‐subject archetypal analysis (MSAA), which here aimed to further bridge aspects of both seed region analysis and decomposition by incorporating a spotlight approach.We found significant classification of subjects with elevated levels of social anhedonia when using the times series extracted using MSAA, indicating that temporal dynamics carry important information for classification of social anhedonia. Interestingly, we found that the same time series yielded the highest classification performance in a task classification of the ToM condition. Finally, the spatial network corresponding to that time series included both prefrontal and temporal‐parietal regions as well as insula activity, which previously have been related schizotypy and the development of schizophrenia.

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“…Model systems of psychosis are important in identifying pathogenic risk factors and providing assays for the evaluation of new pharmacological treatments (Ettinger & Kumari, 2015;Koychev et al, 2011). A popular approach is the use of surrogate populations, such as high schizotypes (Barrantes-Vidal, Grant, & Kwapil, 2015;Mason, 2015). Schizotypy is a multidimensional personality pattern resembling schizophrenia symptoms in an attenuated form (Ettinger, Meyh€ ofer, Steffens, Wagner, & Koutsouleris, 2014;Nelson, Seal, Pantelis, & Phillips, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining two model systems of psychosis: The effects of schizotypy and sleep deprivation on oculomotor control and psychotomimetic states

et al. 2017

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Model systems of psychosis, such as schizotypy or sleep deprivation, are valuable in informing our understanding of the etiology of the disorder and aiding the development of new treatments. Schizophrenia patients, high schizotypes, and sleep-deprived subjects are known to share deficits in oculomotor biomarkers. Here, we aimed to further validate the schizotypy and sleep deprivation models and investigated, for the first time, their interactive effects on smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM), prosaccades, antisaccades, predictive saccades, and measures of psychotomimetic states, anxiety, depression, and stress. To do so, n = 19 controls and n = 17 high positive schizotypes were examined after both a normal sleep night and 24 h of sleep deprivation. Schizotypes displayed higher SPEM global position error, catch-up saccade amplitude, and increased psychotomimetic states. Sleep deprivation impaired SPEM, prosaccade, antisaccade, and predictive saccade performance and increased levels of psychotomimetic experiences. Additionally, sleep deprivation reduced SPEM gain in schizotypes but not controls. We conclude that oculomotor impairments are observed in relation to schizotypy and following sleep deprivation, supporting their utility as biomarkers in model systems of psychosis. The combination of these models with oculomotor biomarkers may be particularly fruitful in assisting the development of new antipsychotic or pro-cognitive drugs.

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The Assessment of Schizotypy and Its Clinical Relevance

Cited by 118 publications

References 69 publications

Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review

Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review

Classification of social anhedonia using temporal and spatial network features from a social cognition fMRI task

Combining two model systems of psychosis: The effects of schizotypy and sleep deprivation on oculomotor control and psychotomimetic states

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