The Assessment of the Measurement of the Poynting Vector for Power System Instrumentation

Geometric Objects: A Quality Index to Electromagnetic Energy Transfer Performance in Sustainable Smart Buildings

“…In one-ports under periodic multi-sinusoidal linear/non-linear operation this issue has still some fundamental unsolved aspects. Nevertheless, some progress has unquestionably been made from numerous valuable contributions in the literature [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], each one of them trying to clarify different aspects of the problem by applying the classic Poynting vector (PV) concept. Among them [8,9,14,15] masterfully explain the power factor concept and the physical mechanism of energy propagation in electric power systems; Ferrero et al in [17] reconsiders the physical meaning assigned to the non-active components of the Park instantaneous power; Balci et al in [20] describes the transition between PV and instantaneous active and reactive powers; and Faria et al in [11] computes the instantaneous power directly from Maxwell's equations together with the evaluation of the PV flux.…”

“…Among them [8,9,14,15] masterfully explain the power factor concept and the physical mechanism of energy propagation in electric power systems; Ferrero et al in [17] reconsiders the physical meaning assigned to the non-active components of the Park instantaneous power; Balci et al in [20] describes the transition between PV and instantaneous active and reactive powers; and Faria et al in [11] computes the instantaneous power directly from Maxwell's equations together with the evaluation of the PV flux. On the other hand, several applications are given by means of PV: Lundin et al in [10] analyses synchronous generators using field simulations; De León et al in [12] identifies terms in nonlinear-switched circuits; Cheng et al in [13] calculates the reactive power of iced transmission line; Todeschini et al in [16] detects and explains the process of compensation and restoration of symmetry in an unbalanced system and Stahlhut et al in [21] examines critically the PV possibilities in the area of instrumentation of losses. However, critics of PV calculations [18,19] argue that electromagnetic theory is useless for practical applications of electric power theory.…”

“…To this end, a new index that integrally reflects the nature of the different energy quality situations is defined. This is expressed as (20) or also, (21) The power factor PF can be written as…”

“…Equations (21), (22) and (23) show that the index ξ contains terms that keep direction and sense, allowing harmonic source detection. This property is very important to achieve an appropriated compromise between the energy quality index and the power factor.…”

“…Comparing the multivectors ξ of the above three cases, it can be observed that they contain all possible non-active components. In this way, the possible reverse sense of any harmonic of active, reactive and distortion powers is very important for a correct identification of harmonic source locations, and for determining the responsibility of the utility side (generator) and the consumer side (load) [20,21]. Thus, the suggested index ξ possesses clear advantages from the viewpoint of non-active power flow minimization.…”