The Association between Apolipoprotein A-II and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Comparison Study of Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B

Abstract

BackgroundApolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) is the second-most abundant apolipoprotein in human high-density lipoprotein and its role in cardio metabolic risk is not entirely clear. It has been suggested to have poor anti-atherogenic or even pro-atherogenic properties, but there are few studies on the possible role of apoA-II in Asian populations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of apoA-II in metabolic syndrome (MetS) compared with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) in Korean adults.MethodsWe analyzed data from 244 adults who visited the Center for Health Promotion in Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital for routine health examinations.ResultsThe mean apoB level was significantly higher, and the mean apoA-I level was significantly lower, in MetS; however, there was no significant difference in apoA-II levels (30.5±4.6 mg/dL vs. 31.2±4.6 mg/dL, P=0.261). ApoA-II levels were more positively correlated with apoA-I levels than apoB levels. ApoA-II levels were less negatively correlated with homocysteine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels than apoA-I levels. The differences in MetS prevalence from the lowest to highest quartile of apoA-II were not significant (9.0%, 5.7%, 4.9%, and 6.6%, P=0.279). The relative risk of the highest quartile of apoA-II compared with the lowest quartile also was not significantly different (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.04; P=0.956).ConclusionCompared with apoA-I (negative association with MetS) and apoB (positive association with MetS) levels, apoA-II levels did not show any association with MetS in this study involving Korean adults. However, apoA-II may have both anti-atherogenic and pro-atherogenic properties.

Association between ApoA-II -265T/C polymorphism and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…However, the results of a current study showed that in vitro HDLs isolated from plasma of human apoA-II transgenic rabbits compared to normal rabbits had stronger activity for cholesterol efflux and stronger suppressive effects on inflammatory cytokines expression by macrophages (Wang et al, 2013). Also, in other studies, increased serum ApoA-II concentration has been introduced as a protective factor against CVD, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (Birjmohun et al, 2007;Onat, G H, Ayhan, Ugur, & Can, 2009;Parra et al, 1992;Roselli della Rovere et al, 2003;Won Yi et al, 2012).…”

“…The results of human studies are also inconsistent. The results of some studies suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the serum level of ApoA-II and CRP (Birjmohun et al, 2007;Won Yi, Jeong, Lee, Son, & Kang, 2012) and CVD (Roselli della Rovere et al, 2003). In contrast, the results of a study showed that the risk of CAD was significantly lower in individuals with CC genotype than those carrying the T allele (Xiao et al, 2008).…”

“…Previous studies have shown that plasma ApoA-II level is higher in T-allele carriers than in those with a CC genotype ( Van't Hoof et al, 2001). According to the results of some studies, higher plasma ApoA-II levels are associated with increased PON1 activity which has antioxidant properties, reduced number of neutrophils and monocytes (Wang et al, 2013), and decreased plasma CRP levels (Birjmohun et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2013;Won Yi et al, 2012). The decreased number of neutrophils and monocytes results in reduced ROS production (Garg et al, 2000;Vincent & Taylor, 2006).…”

Anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-reducing properties of apolipoprotein mimetics: a review

“…In all other species, apoA-II is a monomer, does not contain a Cys residue, and thus does not form a heterodimer with apoA-I Milano ( 43 ). The low levels of circulating HDL-C in human carriers of apoA-I Milano may be related to an increased susceptibility of the apoA-I Milano -apoA-II heterodimer to proteolysis and increased clearance of apoA-II, which has been shown to be pro-atherogenic ( 42,44,45 ).…”

Development of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with Low Levels of ApoA1

“…However, this association has not been found to be consistent in previous studies [22][23][24][25] although previous research suggested that ApoA1 affects glucose metabolism via multiple mechanisms, including enhanced insulin secretion [26], increased insulin-independent glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues [27,28], improved insulin sensitivity [29], and reversed adipocyte dysfunction [30] and restored adiponectin expression and insulin sensitivity [31] with ApoA1 mimetic peptide. Furthermore, genetic studies suggested that genetic variation in ABCA1 has been associated with the increased risk of T2DM [32], and one study suggested that loss-of-function mutations in ABCA1 were associated with impaired b-cell function, but not with the development of T2DM [33].…”