The association between conventional and dynamic control knee strength ratios in elite soccer players

Ruas, Cassio V.; Pinto, Matheus Daros; Brown, Lee E.; Minozzo, Felipe; Mil‐Homens, Pedro; Pinto, Ronei Silveira

doi:10.3233/ies-140557

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The test procedures were completed as detailed in previous studies. 20,24 Briefly, maximal knee extensor and flexor peak moments were measured during a fatigue test in a Cybex Norm isokinetic dynamometer (Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). A 5-minute no-load warm-up was performed on a cycle ergometer at a set cadence of 75 rpm (Movement Technology, BM2700, São Paulo, Brazil) before the subjects were seated on the dynamometer with straps across their thigh (test leg), hips, and chest to minimize extraneous movement.…”

Section: Isokinetic Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hamstring‐to‐quadriceps fatigue ratio offers new and different muscle function information than the conventional non‐fatigued ratio

Pinto

Blazevich

Andersen

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Commonly used injury risk prediction tests such as the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio appear to be poor predictors of non-contact injury. However, these tests are typically performed in a non-fatigued state, despite accumulated fatigue being an important risk factor for both hamstring strain (HS) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in professional soccer players. After the effect of different H:Q calculation methods were compared and contrasted, the influence of neuromuscular fatigue on the H:Q strength ratio and the association between fatigued and non-fatigued ratio scores were examined. Thirty-five professional soccer players performed a 30-repetition isokinetic fatigue test protocol. Peak knee joint moments were computed for each repetition, and the H:Q conventional ratio (H:Q CR ) was calculated using several different, previously published, methods. Knee extensor and flexor moments were statistically decreased by the sixth repetition and continued to decrease until the end of the protocol. However, the H:Q ratio was statistically decreased at the end of the test due to a significant reduction in knee flexor moment K E Y W O R D Santerior cruciate ligament and hamstring strain injuries, fatigue test, hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio, isokinetic, neuromuscular fatigue, soccer, test interpretation

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Section: Isokinetic Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hamstring‐to‐quadriceps fatigue ratio offers new and different muscle function information than the conventional non‐fatigued ratio

Pinto

Blazevich

Andersen

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and hamstring strain injuries are common lower extremity noncontact injuries in sports. These may occur when the hamstrings fail to produce enough strength to decelerate high anterior tibial shear and rotation movements induced by maximal quadriceps strength actions [1,2,3,4]. Therefore, the assessment of the hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) muscle strength ratio calculated by peak torque (PT) is often used to screen imbalances between these muscle groups, which could be associated with injury risk [2,3,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These may occur when the hamstrings fail to produce enough strength to decelerate high anterior tibial shear and rotation movements induced by maximal quadriceps strength actions [1,2,3,4]. Therefore, the assessment of the hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) muscle strength ratio calculated by peak torque (PT) is often used to screen imbalances between these muscle groups, which could be associated with injury risk [2,3,5]. A few studies have shown that athletes with low H:Q strength ratios are more likely to sustain hamstring injuries during competition [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few studies have shown that athletes with low H:Q strength ratios are more likely to sustain hamstring injuries during competition [5,6]. Additionally, prescription of resistance training interventions focused on reducing H:Q muscle strength imbalance have been recommended to prevent noncontact injuries in sports [2,3,5] and to rehabilitate individuals with complete ACL tears [7]. However, since noncontact injuries are multifactorial, recent research has questioned if the H:Q ratio calculated by PT should be used as a single measurement of injury risk [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conventional ratio is calculated by the balance between hamstring and quadriceps concentric (CON) PT, whereas the functional ratio calculates balance between hamstring eccentric (ECC) and quadriceps CON PT. The CR is commonly used to describe the absolute muscle strength relationship between hamstrings and quadriceps [1,3]. In contrast, the FR has been recommended as a more relevant and functional estimate of knee strength balance, as it considers the deceleration performed by hamstrings ECC torque during quadriceps CON muscle actions [2,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Different Combinations of Concentric and Eccentric Resistance Training Programs on Traditional and Alternative Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Ratios

Ruas

Pinto

Haff

et al. 2019

Sports

Self Cite

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Resistance training is often recommended for combined increases in traditional and alternative hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratios in order to reduce knee strength imbalance and associated hamstrings and knee ligament injury risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentric and eccentric resistance training programs on traditional and alternative H:Q ratios. Forty male volunteers were assigned to one of 4 groups: concentric quadriceps and concentric hamstrings (CON/CON, n = 10), eccentric quadriceps and eccentric hamstrings (ECC/ECC, n = 10), concentric quadriceps and eccentric hamstrings (CON/ECC, n = 10), or no training (control (CNTRL), n = 10). Traditional conventional (CR) and functional (FR), alternative rate of torque development (RTD), muscle size (MS), and muscle activation (MA) H:Q ratios were measured before and after six weeks of unilateral nondominant knee extension–flexion resistance training performed on an isokinetic dynamometer. The ECC/ECC training significantly increased FR (pre = 0.75 ± 0.11; post = 0.85 ± 0.15), whereas the lack of training (CNTRL) decreased the RTD H:Q ratio (pre = 1.10 ± 0.67; post = 0.73 ± 0.33). There were no differences between groups for the other traditional and alternative ratios following resistance training protocols. These findings suggest eccentric exercise for quadriceps and hamstrings as the most beneficial training program for inducing increases in the traditional FR. However, different resistance training strategies may be needed to also elicit increases in the alternative RTD, MS, and MA H:Q ratios for fully restoring muscle balance and reducing potential hamstrings and knee ligament injury risk.

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Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research

Asimakidis,

Mukandi,

Beato

et al. 2024

Sports Med

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Background Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken. Objectives The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests. Methods A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as “professional”, “international” or “elite”. Results Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies). Conclusions The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.

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The association between conventional and dynamic control knee strength ratios in elite soccer players

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Hamstring‐to‐quadriceps fatigue ratio offers new and different muscle function information than the conventional non‐fatigued ratio

Hamstring‐to‐quadriceps fatigue ratio offers new and different muscle function information than the conventional non‐fatigued ratio

Effects of Different Combinations of Concentric and Eccentric Resistance Training Programs on Traditional and Alternative Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Ratios

Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research

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