The association between diabetes and hypertension with the number and extent of weight cycles determined from 6 million participants

Kim, Su Hwan; Kwak, Jin-Seul; Kim, Seong Pyo; Choi, Soo Hyoung; Yoon, Hyung‐Jin

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09221-w

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…BW variability can be driven by physical activity, intentional weight loss, and dietary factors, which may cause morbidities such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease [ 7 ]. Significant BW fluctuation impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, and thereby potentially accelerated atherogenesis [ 3 , 12 , 19 ]. Insulin resistance in adipocytes can impair central insulin action, which is involved in cognitive processes and energy and glucose homeostasis in the brain, and could thereby increase vulnerability to amyloid toxicity and oxidative stress [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intra-individual BW variability was assessed using variability independent of the mean (VIM) was k×standard deviation (SD)/meanT) β , where β was calculated from mean and SD using a fitting curve based on the model where SD = constant/mean β [ 14 , 15 ]. The BW cycle was evaluated with multiple thresholds (≥ 3%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 7%, and ≥ 10% of BW), defined as when BW changes in either an upward or a downward direction above a specified threshold percentage [ 12 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These parameters indicate the range of fluctuation but do not specify the direction of fluctuation as either a decrease or an increase. Therefore, we introduced a new concept in BW variability, termed the “BW cycle,” defined as a change in BW followed by a subsequent change in the opposite direction [ 12 ]. We assessed the risk of dementia in both mid-life and late-life stages by using the BW cycle concept and compared the effectiveness of these assessments with that using only the VIM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of midlife body-weight variability and cycles with earlier dementia onset: a nationwide cohort study

Park,

Kim,

Ryu

et al. 2024

Alz Res Therapy

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Background Given the rising awareness of health-related lifestyle modifications, the impact of changes in body weight (BW) on cognitive function and dementia generates significant concern. This study aimed to investigate the association between BW changes and dementia in a middle-aged Korean population. Methods A retrospective, population-based longitudinal study was conducted utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. Participants aged 40 years or older in 2011 who underwent at least five health checkups between 2002 and 2011 were followed-up for dementia until 2020. A total of 3,635,988 dementia-free Korean aged < 65 at baseline were examined. We analyzed the association between BW variability independent of the mean (VIM) with BW cycle, defined as either an upward or a downward direction of BW, and the risk of incident dementia. Results The results showed an increased risk of dementia in the highest quartile of VIM quartile (hazard ratio [HR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47–1.58) compared to the lowest quartile of VIM. Additionally, the results showed an even higher increased risk of dementia in the highest BW cycle (≥ 2 cycles of 10% BW = HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.74–1.29). Notably, the combined concept of VIM with BW cycle showed an even higher dementia risk (highest quartile of VIM with ≥ 2 cycles of 10% BW = HR 2.37, 95% CI 2.05–2.74) compared to the baseline group (lowest quartile of VIM with < 3% BW cycle). Conclusions The present study highlights the importance of considering BW changes with BW variability along with the BW cycle to assess dementia risk in detail, providing valuable insights for preventive strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of midlife body-weight variability and cycles with earlier dementia onset: a nationwide cohort study

Park,

Kim,

Ryu

et al. 2024

Alz Res Therapy

Self Cite

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“…The frequency and degree of weight cycling are positively correlated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes and hypertension [ 34 ]. Through the proportional hazards model (Cox) proportional hazard analysis, it was found that different age groups, genders, living habits, and body mass index had different effects on the incidence of diabetes in weight cycling patients [ 35 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Weight Cycling On Tissues and Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity

Wang,

He,

Yang

et al. 2024

Metabolites

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Obesity is a systemic and chronic inflammation, which seriously endangers people’s health. People tend to diet to control weight, and the short-term effect of dieting in losing weight is significant, but the prognosis is limited. With weight loss and recovery occurring frequently, people focus on weight cycling. The effect of weight cycling on a certain tissue of the body also has different conclusions. Therefore, this article systematically reviews the effects of body weight cycling on the body and finds that multiple weight cycling (1) increased fat deposition in central areas, lean mass decreased in weight loss period, and fat mass increased in weight recovery period, which harms body composition and skeletal muscle mass; (2) enhanced the inflammatory response of adipose tissue, macrophages infiltrated into adipose tissue, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; (3) blood glucose concentration mutation and hyperinsulinemia caused the increase or decrease in pancreatic β-cell population, which makes β-cell fatigue and leads to β-cell failure; (4) resulted in additional burden on the cardiovascular system because of cardiovascular rick escalation. Physical activity combined with calorie restriction can effectively reduce metabolic disease and chronic inflammation, alleviating the adverse effects of weight cycling on the body.

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“…Two meta-analyses indicated that weight cycling was associated with a 21% [ 19 ] and 33% [ 70 ] higher risk of T2D incidence. Additionally, among

6 million Korean adults, weight cycling was associated with a 26.3% higher risk of T2D and a 17.5% higher risk of hypertension [ 71 ]. Thus, in addition to increasing mortality risk among individuals with T2D, weight cycling may also increase risk of developing the disease.…”

Section: Weight Cycling and Mortality Risk In T2dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type 2 Diabetes Incidence and Mortality: Associations with Physical Activity, Fitness, Weight Loss, and Weight Cycling

Gaesser¹

2022

Rev. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are the leading cause of death globally. Because T2D and obesity are strongly associated, weight loss is the cornerstone of treatment. However, weight loss is rarely sustained, which may lead to weight cycling, which is associated with increased mortality risk in patients with T2D. Meta-analyses show that weight loss is not generally associated with reduced mortality risk in T2D, whereas weight cycling is associated with increased all-cause and CVD mortality. This may be attributable in part to increased variability in CVD risk factors that often accompany weight cycling, which studies show is consistently associated with adverse CVD outcomes in patients with T2D. The inconsistent associations between weight loss and mortality risk in T2D, and consistent findings of elevated mortality risk associated with weight cycling, present a conundrum for a weight-loss focused T2D prevention and treatment strategy. This is further complicated by the findings that among patients with T2D, mortality risk is lowest in the body mass index (BMI) range of ~25-35 kg/m 2 . Because this "obesity paradox" has been consistently demonstrated in 7 meta-analyses, the lower mortality risk for individuals with T2D in this BMI range may not be all that paradoxical. Physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) are all associated with reduced risk of T2D, and lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in individuals with T2D. Reducing sedentary behavior, independent of PA status, also is strongly associated with reduced risk of T2D. Improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors with exercise training are comparable to those observed in weight loss interventions, and are largely independent of weight loss. To minimize risks associated with weight cycling, it may be prudent to adopt a weight-neutral approach for prevention and treatment of individuals with obesity and T2D by focusing on increasing PA and improving CRF and MF without a specific weight loss goal.

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The association between diabetes and hypertension with the number and extent of weight cycles determined from 6 million participants

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Association of midlife body-weight variability and cycles with earlier dementia onset: a nationwide cohort study

Association of midlife body-weight variability and cycles with earlier dementia onset: a nationwide cohort study

The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity

Type 2 Diabetes Incidence and Mortality: Associations with Physical Activity, Fitness, Weight Loss, and Weight Cycling

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