“…Numerous studies tried to link earnings management to a different set of explanatory variables, they have shown wide set of variables for earnings management determinants, incentives and constraints, such as firm performance, dividends policy, surplus free cash flow, ownership structure, managerial ownership, board of director's characteristics, audit committee characteristics, corporate governance mechanisms, Chief Executive Officer role duality, investor protection, voluntary disclosure, among others (see for example, Jensen, 1993;Yermack, 1996;Peasnell et al, 2000;Klein, 2000;Xie et al, 2003;Bedard et al, 2004;Abbott et al, 2004;Yang & Krishnan, 2005;Lin et al, 2006;Naveen et al, 2007;Lin & Hwang, 2010;Al-Fayoumi et al, 2010;Ghosh et al, 2010;Azzoz & Khamees, 2016;Abbadi et al, 2016;Al-Mohareb &Alkhalaileh, 2019 andDayak &Al-Mughrabi, 2020). As a result of the global financial crisis, the interest of studying earnings management has been increased lately.…”