The Association between Environmental Sanitation and Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) Coinfection of Tuberculosis Patients in Panti District, Jember Regency

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More than 80% of TB cases attack the pulmonary organs and the rest are extra-pulmonary TB. Indonesia is one of the countries with the high number of tuberculosis cases besides India, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Aside from being a country with a high TB incidence, Indonesia is also an endemic country for helminth infections, especially Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). The high prevalence of STH infections in Indonesia allows STH coinfection in TB patients to cause decreasing immunity, thus affecting the outcome of TB infection. STH infection is very closely related to environmental sanitation. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the association of environmental sanitation risk factors to the coinfection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) in tuberculosis patients in Panti District, Jember Regency. This type of research was observational research with cross-sectional analytic design. Of the 49 TB patients who were undergoing treatment at the Panti Health Center, 32 people were willing to be respondents, but only 25 people collected stool samples. Fisher's test results showed that the incidence of intestinal co-infection in TB patients in Panti District, Jember Regency was 12% and was caused by two STH species, namely A. lumbricoides and Hookworm. Environmental sanitation in TB patients was mostly good, e.g 54.5% of respondents had good environmental sanitation, but there was no significant association between environmental sanitation and the incidence of intestinal co-infection in TB patients in Panti District, Jember Regency (p> 0.05).

Peran Air dan Sanitasi terhadap Pencegahan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminths

“…Dua di antaranya terdapat spesies Ascaris lumbricoides pada sampel fesesnya, sementara 1 sampel lainnya terdapat dua spesies cacing yaitu Ascaris lumbricoides dan Hookworm. 25 Beberapa penelitian memang menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara sanitasi yang tidak memadai dengan kejadian infeksi STH, seperti pada penelitian Warrel tahun 2016, namun ada pula yang menyatakan tidak ada hubungan antara sanitasi dengan infeksi STH seperti pada penelitian Kusumawardana tahun 2019. Hal ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh variabel sanitasi apa saja yang diteliti oleh peneliti, selain itu untuk menilai kejadian infeksi STH pada manusia, tidak hanya sampel feses yang dapat diperiksa, namun pengambilan sampel tanah di lingkungan rumah pasien juga penting untuk diperiksa untuk menentukan apakah memang terdapat spesies STH di dalamnya sehingga dapat dinilai hubungan antara sanitasi lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian infeksi STH pada penderita.…”