The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and HPV viral load in high-risk HPV-positive women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract

We evaluated the relationship between the dietary intake of vegetables and fruits, and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and determined whether these associations were modified by human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load. We enrolled 1,096 women aged 18-65 to participate in a HPV cohort study from March 2006 up to present. For this analysis, we included 328 HPV-positive women (166 controls, 90 CIN I and 72 CIN II/III). The multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by multinomial logistic methods. After controlling for potential confounders, we found that a higher HPV viral load was associated with an increased risk of CIN I (OR = 2.68, 95% CI, 1.19-6.04) and CIN II/III (OR = 2.78, 95% CI, 1.15-6.72). The relationships between HPV infection, dietary intake of vegetables and fruits and risk of CIN were not statistically significant. However, subjects with lower intake of vegetables and fruits, and a higher viral load (> or =15.5) have a higher risk of CIN II/III (OR = 2.84(1.26-6.42), interaction p = 0.06 for vegetables; OR = 2.93(1.25-6.87), interaction p = 0.01 for fruits), compared with subjects with lower intake of vegetables and fruits, and a lower viral load (<15.5). Our findings suggest that the dietary intake of vegetables and fruits is associated with the progression of cervical carcinogenesis.

Association between Obesity and Cervical Microflora Dominated by Lactobacillus iners in Korean Women

“…Women 18 to 65 years of age who participated in the Korean HPV cohort study, from 2006 to the present, were included in this study; details regarding the design of the baseline measures for the cohort have been described previously (18). All study participants provided written informed consent before participation.…”

A Dietary Pattern Associated with LINE-1 Methylation Alters the Risk of Developing Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

“…Frequent consumption of fruits high in anti-oxidant nutrients was also shown to be associated with lower risk of CIN (5). Studies also support a role for fruit and vegetable consumption in reducing the risk of CIN, especially in women infected with a higher load of human papillomaviruses, the main causative factor for CIN and cervical cancer (6). A study also suggested that diets rich in plant-based nutrients may lower the risk of cervical cancer (7).…”

Exploring Iranian women’s perceptions and experiences regarding cervical cancer-preventive behaviors

“…Next to human papillomavirus (HPV) [5], some behavioral factors that can be modified or avoided may play an important role in the increased risk for developing cervical cancer. Among those factors are not eating enough fruits and vegetables [6], being overweight [7], long-term use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) [8], intrauterine device (IUD) use [9], having multiple full-term pregnancies [10], exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) [11], low physical activity [12], smoking [13], having multiple sexual partners [14], and human papilloma virus infection [15]. These lifestyle factors are not only important risk factors for developing cervical cancer but also impact health outcomes and quality of life [16, 17].…”

“…Lifestyle change can help to decrease the risk of cervical cancer to a large scale [18]. Previous studies have shown that lifestyle modifications such as eating fruits and vegetables [6], maintaining a healthy weight [7], regular physical activity [12], stopping OCP use [9], avoiding exposure to HPV and getting an HPV vaccine [15], and quitting smoking [13] may help to decrease the risk and prevent cervical cancer. Furthermore, screening behavior is considered useful for early detection in the pre-malignant phase and reduced mortality on account of cervical cancer [19].…”