The association between gastroesophageal reflux disease with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in a cohort study of Australian men

Abstract

In this sample of urban-dwelling men, we observed a strong independent association between GERD, anxiety, and current depression, the latter appearing to be partly mediated by poor sleep quality. Patients presenting with GERD should have concurrent mental health assessments in order to identify potential confounders to the successful management of their symptoms.

Natural history of gastroesophageal reflux: A prospective cohort study in a stratified, randomized population in Beijing

“…Conversely, a 1‐year longitudinal study from Hong Kong showed that a higher educational level was associated with GERD onset . The difference in risk factors and the natural history of GER indicate that GERD is heterogeneous, but the effects of psychosocial factors cannot be ignored because they are associated with a high GER prevalence, persistence, aggravation, and new onset based on several previous studies and the present cohort data, especially for the depression, which is a risk factor for GER aggravation as found based on multiple logistic regression analyses …”

“…8 The difference in risk factors and the natural history of GER indicate that GERD is heterogeneous, but the effects of psychosocial factors cannot be ignored because they are associated with a high GER prevalence, persistence, aggravation, and new onset based on several previous studies and the present cohort data, especially for the depression, which is a risk factor for GER aggravation as found based on multiple logistic regression analyses. 8,14,16,24,26,36 Ruth et al noted that acid regurgitation at baseline was a predictive factor for the development of heartburn 10 years later (OR 10.0), 11 but the potential mechanism for the transition between these two symptoms remains unclear. A study of the general Chinese population showed that acid regurgitation in the initial survey was associated with the disappearance of GERD.…”

“…Various risk factors for GERD have been established, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] including advancing age, 14,15 dietary factors, 14,17,22 obesity or weight gain, 13,[17][18][19][21][22][23] alcohol consumption, 17 smoking, 17,22 occupationrelated stress and a high work burden, 14,20 and emotional problems, 14,16,24 all of which have enhanced our knowledge with respect to educating patients on how to avoid episodes of severe and frequent reflux. [12][13][14]17,19,21,22,25 In long-term follow-up studies, weight gain and somatization were independently associated with the onset of GERD, 26 and the cessation of tobacco smoking was associated with new-onset GER symptoms among patients who gained weight upon quitting.…”

Salivary Pepsin as an Intrinsic Marker for Diagnosis of Sub-types of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-related Disorders

“…27,28 The interaction between GERD symptoms and mental stress has a synergistic impact on the life quality of patients, which was more closely related to the psychological factors than the severity of GERD symptoms. [29][30][31] For patients with refractory GERD with psychological disorders, psychological counseling, regulation of autonomic nerve function and anti-anxiety and anti-depression treatment should be added to acid suppression treatment, which can significantly improve the symptoms. 8,[31][32][33] It has been demonstrated that the higher the level of anxiety and depression, the poorer, the effectiveness of acid-suppressing therapy, and thus psychological factors can be used as a predictor of anti-reflux treatment.…”

“…[29][30][31] For patients with refractory GERD with psychological disorders, psychological counseling, regulation of autonomic nerve function and anti-anxiety and anti-depression treatment should be added to acid suppression treatment, which can significantly improve the symptoms. 8,[31][32][33] It has been demonstrated that the higher the level of anxiety and depression, the poorer, the effectiveness of acid-suppressing therapy, and thus psychological factors can be used as a predictor of anti-reflux treatment. [34][35][36] Therefore, patients with GERD with anxiety and depression were included in the present study.…”