The Association between Invasive Group A Streptococcal Diseases and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

Herrera, Andrea L.; Huber, Victor C.; Chaussee, Michael S.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00342

Cited by 64 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…iGAS disease occurrence has a strong seasonality in temperate climates, with higher incidences in winter and early spring, largely coinciding with the season for influenza and other respiratory infections . The drivers of iGAS seasonality are thus far unexplained, but GAS superinfections on common respiratory viruses such as influenza have been reported . Notably, during the 1918 influenza pandemic, streptococcal superinfections were important causes of death, which besides Streptococcus pneumoniae also included GAS …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The drivers of iGAS seasonality are thus far unexplained, but GAS superinfections on common respiratory viruses such as influenza have been reported. 4,5 Notably, during the 1918 influenza pandemic, streptococcal superinfections were important causes of death, which besides Streptococcus pneumoniae also included GAS. 6 In 2010-2011, an increased iGAS incidence was observed in the United Kingdom during a high influenza season.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: A time‐series analysis

Gier

Vlaminckx

Woudt

et al. 2019

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Background Invasive infections by group A S treptococcus (iGAS, Streptococcus pyogenes ) have a winter seasonality which largely coincides with the season for influenza and other respiratory viruses. Influenza superinfections with GAS have been described to occur regularly and to show a severe clinical picture with high mortality. We aimed to study the extent to which influenza A and B viruses (IAV and IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus circulation contribute to iGAS incidence and severity. Methods Time‐series regression models were built to explore the temporal associations between weekly laboratory counts of IAV, IBV, RSV and rhinovirus as independent variables and weekly counts of GAS disease notifications or laboratory GAS cultures as dependent variables. Results The weekly number of IAV detections showed a significant temporal association with the number of notifications of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), a severe complication of iGAS. Depending on the season, up to 40% of all notified STSS cases was attributable to IAV circulation. Besides STSS, none of the other iGAS manifestations were associated with a respiratory virus. Conclusions Our study found an ecological temporal association between IAV and STSS, the most severe complication of iGAS. Future studies are needed to confirm this association and assess the possible preventability of STSS by influenza vaccination, especially in the age group 60 years and older.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: A time‐series analysis

Gier

Vlaminckx

Woudt

et al. 2019

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for most secondary infections, while cases involving Streptococcus pyogenes [the group A streptococcus (GAS)] occur less frequently. Nonetheless, IAV-GAS superinfections are associated with high mortality, even when patients are treated with antibiotics that are effective against GAS ex vivo [7]. During the 2009 H1N1 IAV pandemic, GAS was responsible for nearly one-third of all deaths attributed to IAV superinfection [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the 2009 H1N1 IAV pandemic, GAS was responsible for nearly one-third of all deaths attributed to IAV superinfection [8]. Moreover, epidemiological studies suggest that influenza infections contribute to the development of invasive GAS (iGAS) diseases other than pneumonia, including bacteraemia, toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis [7]. Compared to superinfections caused by S. pneumoniae, less is known about the pathogenesis of IAV-GAS superinfections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding host proteins to the M protein contributes to the mortality associated with influenza–Streptococcus pyogenes superinfections

et al. 2017

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The mortality associated with influenza A virus (IAV) is often due to the development of secondary bacterial infections known as superinfections. The group A streptococcus (GAS) is a relatively uncommon cause of IAV superinfections, but the mortality of these infections is high. We used a murine model to determine whether the surface-localized GAS M protein contributes to the outcome of IAV-GAS superinfections. A comparison between wild-type GAS and an M protein mutant strain (emm3) showed that the M3 protein was essential to virulence. To determine whether the binding, or recruitment, of host proteins to the bacterial surface contributed to virulence, GAS was suspended with BALF collected from mice that had recovered from a sub-lethal infection with IAV. Following intranasal inoculation of naïve mice, the mortality associated with the wild-type strain, but not the emm3 mutant strain, was greater compared to mice inoculated with GAS suspended with either BALF from uninfected mice or PBS. Further analyses showed that both albumin and fibrinogen (Fg) were more abundant in the respiratory tract 8 days after IAV infection, that M3 bound both proteins to the bacterial surface, and that suspension of GAS with either protein increased GAS virulence in the absence of antecedent IAV infection. Overall, the results showed that M3 is essential to the virulence of GAS in an IAV superinfection and suggested that increased abundance of albumin and Fg in the respiratory tract following IAV infection enhanced host susceptibility to secondary GAS infection.

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“…(5)(6)(7)(8). The 700 million GAS infections worldwide annually include an estimated 1.8 million severe infections with a mortality rate as high as 25% (9). The first case of invasive GAS infections in Japan was reported in 1992 and the incidence of invasive infections by GAS and other hemolytic streptococci has increased progressively in recent years (3,10).…”

Section: Invasive Group a Streptococcal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic mechanisms of invasive group A Streptococcus infections by influenza virus–group A Streptococcus superinfection

Okamoto

Nagase

2018

Microbiology and Immunology

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Group A Streptococcus (GAS) are pathogenic bacteria of the genus Streptococcus and cause severe invasive infections that comprise a wide range of diverse diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, toxic shock-like syndrome, sepsis, cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis. The essential virulence, infected host and external environmental factors required for invasive GAS infections have not yet been determined. Superinfection with influenza virus and GAS induced invasive GAS infections was demonstrated by our team in a mouse model, after which clinical cases of invasive GAS infections secondary to influenza virus infection were reported by other investigators in Japan, USA, Canada, UK China, and other countries. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying influenza virus-GAS superinfection are not yet fully understood. The present review describes the current knowledge about invasive GAS infections by superinfection. Topics addressed include the bacteriological, virological and immunological mechanisms impacting invasion upon superinfection on top of underlying influenza virus infection by GAS and other bacteria (i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus). Future prospects are also discussed.

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The Association between Invasive Group A Streptococcal Diseases and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

Cited by 64 publications

References 64 publications

Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: A time‐series analysis

Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: A time‐series analysis

Binding host proteins to the M protein contributes to the mortality associated with influenza–Streptococcus pyogenes superinfections

Pathogenic mechanisms of invasive group A Streptococcus infections by influenza virus–group A Streptococcus superinfection

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