The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint

Carmalt, James L.; Simhofer, Hubert; Bienert‐Zeit, Astrid; Rawlinson, Jennifer E.; Waldner, Cheryl L.

doi:10.1111/evj.12693

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It is reasonable to speculate that malocclusion of the incisors and/or cheek teeth could predispose to TMJD or alternatively that TMJD would predispose to malocclusion; however, this correlation is not supported by the literature 11–13. Occlusion appeared normal after reduction in our case, though the development of TMJD seems inevitable based on the severity of the initial injury.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony

Luedke

Nixon

Whitty

et al. 2020

Vet Record Case Reports

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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) luxation in the horse is a rare condition. There are few reports of unilateral luxation with successful reduction; bilateral luxation with concurrent bilateral coronoid fracture has not been reported. The diagnosis and closed reduction technique for rostral TMJ luxation are reported, along with the clinical outcome. A horse with an abnormally open positioned jaw presented for evaluation. Clinical exam showed a fixed open mouth, unable to be manually closed. Radiography showed multiple fractures associated with left and right TMJs. CT provided a more complete appraisal of the luxation and associated coronoid fracture orientation, as well as hyoid apparatus malposition (ie, temporohyoid subluxation). Closed reduction was achieved in this case using a fulcrum speculum between the molars, and a reduction device to forcibly appose the rostral mandible to the premaxilla with the patient anaesthetised. Functional mastication was a positive outcome; a partially phthisical, blind left eye persisted.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony

Luedke

Nixon

Whitty

et al. 2020

Vet Record Case Reports

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“…These variations included round hypoattenuating areas in the condyles of the mandibles, suspected to be cystic lesions of the bone, and mineral attenuating areas in the intra-articular disks consistent with dystrophic mineralization. As this was a retrospective study, the clinical significance of these findings was unknown ( 83 , 84 ). Currently, a limited number of studies describe temporomandibular joint disease in horses, including non-septic and septic arthritis ( 85 , 86 ) and degenerative joint disease ( 87 ).…”

Section: Imaging Specific Disorders Of the Equine Headmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Computed Tomography in Imaging Non-neurologic Disorders of the Head in Equine Patients

Stieger‐Vanegas

Hanna

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the head in equine patients is now commonly performed as CT scanners are more readily available. Head CT has proven valuable in evaluating spatially complex anatomic structures, where radiographic superimposition, or restricted access via endoscopy or ultrasound, limit complete evaluation of the disease process. Head CT has been demonstrated to be incredibly valuable in the evaluation of dental and paranasal sinus disease, disease of the hyoid apparatus and ear, and in evaluation of skull trauma. CT is an excellent modality for assessment of both osseous and soft tissue structures; however, evaluation of complex vascular anatomy and determination of tissue viability is limited without the use of contrast agents. Therefore, various contrast agent protocols including intravenous and intraarterial iodinated contrast administration techniques have been established. CT also has limitations in the evaluation of brain and spinal cord disease, for which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has major advantages. Head CT images are most commonly evaluated in transverse planes. However, standard multiplanar reconstructions of the head including dorsal and parasagittal planes improve the understanding of spatially complex disease processes. These reconstructions can be crucial for accurate identification of diseased teeth and determination of the extent and severity of osseous and paranasal sinus disease. Head CT examinations are becoming an increasingly important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of horses with head disorders, and CT imaging findings are an important aspect in the clinical decision-making process. The following review discusses the indications, benefits, and technical considerations for the use of computed tomography (CT) in evaluating non-neurologic head pathologies in equine patients.

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“…The equine OA models are anatomically and pathophysiologically similar to humans, particularly in cartilage thickness, spontaneous OA occurrence, age-related progression, pain-related clinical symptoms, radiographic signs, imaging modalities used, risk factors for OA development, and similar intra-articular OA mediation [ 33 ]. In horses, the OA model of the TMJ is still poorly understood [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], in contrast to equine OA models of the peripheral joints. In recent well-published research, significant similarities between the human knee joint OA and the equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint OA [ 21 , 32 , 35 ] and stifle joint OA [ 32 , 42 , 43 ] have been evidenced.…”

Section: Tmj Oa In Humans and Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Models of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Review of Feasibility, Biomarkers, and Molecular Signaling

Jasiński,

Turek,

Kaczorowski

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) occurs spontaneously in humans and various animal species, including horses. In humans, obtaining tissue samples is challenging and clinical symptoms appear late in the disease progression. Therefore, genetically modified, induced, and naturally occurring animal models play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions for TMJ OA. Among the naturally occurring models, the equine TMJ OA model is characterized by slow, age-related progression, a wide range of clinical examinations, and imaging modalities that can be performed on horses, as well as easy tissue and synovial fluid collection. The morphological and functional similarities of TMJ structures in both species make the equine model of TMJ OA an excellent opportunity to track disease progression and response to treatment. However, much work remains to be carried out to determine the utility of human TMJ OA biomarkers in horses. Among the main TMJ OA biomarkers, IL-1, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α, and PGE2 have been recently investigated in the equine model. However, the majority of biomarkers for cartilage degradation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and TMJ overload—as well as any of the main signaling pathways—have not been studied so far. Therefore, it would be advisable to focus further research on equine specimens, considering both mediators and signaling.

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The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint

Abstract: Despite examining over 200 horses of varying ages, the biological significance of the observed associations between oral, or dental disease and anatomically appreciable temporomandibular joint disorders remains uncertain.

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony

Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony

The Role of Computed Tomography in Imaging Non-neurologic Disorders of the Head in Equine Patients

Equine Models of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Review of Feasibility, Biomarkers, and Molecular Signaling

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